.. _whatsnew_0100:

Version 0.10.0 (December 17, 2012)
----------------------------------

{{ header }}


This is a major release from 0.9.1 and includes many new features and
enhancements along with a large number of bug fixes. There are also a number of
important API changes that long-time pandas users should pay close attention
to.

File parsing new features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The delimited file parsing engine (the guts of ``read_csv`` and ``read_table``)
has been rewritten from the ground up and now uses a fraction the amount of
memory while parsing, while being 40% or more faster in most use cases (in some
cases much faster).

There are also many new features:

- Much-improved Unicode handling via the ``encoding`` option.
- Column filtering (``usecols``)
- Dtype specification (``dtype`` argument)
- Ability to specify strings to be recognized as True/False
- Ability to yield NumPy record arrays (``as_recarray``)
- High performance ``delim_whitespace`` option
- Decimal format (e.g. European format) specification
- Easier CSV dialect options: ``escapechar``, ``lineterminator``,
  ``quotechar``, etc.
- More robust handling of many exceptional kinds of files observed in the wild

API changes
~~~~~~~~~~~

**Deprecated DataFrame BINOP TimeSeries special case behavior**

The default behavior of binary operations between a DataFrame and a Series has
always been to align on the DataFrame's columns and broadcast down the rows,
**except** in the special case that the DataFrame contains time series. Since
there are now method for each binary operator enabling you to specify how you
want to broadcast, we are phasing out this special case (Zen of Python:
*Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules*). Here's what I'm
talking about:

.. ipython:: python
   :okwarning:

   import pandas as pd

   df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=pd.date_range("1/1/2000", periods=6))
   df
   # deprecated now
   df - df[0]
   # Change your code to
   df.sub(df[0], axis=0)  # align on axis 0 (rows)

You will get a deprecation warning in the 0.10.x series, and the deprecated
functionality will be removed in 0.11 or later.

**Altered resample default behavior**

The default time series ``resample`` binning behavior of daily ``D`` and
*higher* frequencies has been changed to ``closed='left', label='left'``. Lower
nfrequencies are unaffected. The prior defaults were causing a great deal of
confusion for users, especially resampling data to daily frequency (which
labeled the aggregated group with the end of the interval: the next day).

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [1]: dates = pd.date_range('1/1/2000', '1/5/2000', freq='4h')

   In [2]: series = pd.Series(np.arange(len(dates)), index=dates)

   In [3]: series
   Out[3]:
   2000-01-01 00:00:00     0
   2000-01-01 04:00:00     1
   2000-01-01 08:00:00     2
   2000-01-01 12:00:00     3
   2000-01-01 16:00:00     4
   2000-01-01 20:00:00     5
   2000-01-02 00:00:00     6
   2000-01-02 04:00:00     7
   2000-01-02 08:00:00     8
   2000-01-02 12:00:00     9
   2000-01-02 16:00:00    10
   2000-01-02 20:00:00    11
   2000-01-03 00:00:00    12
   2000-01-03 04:00:00    13
   2000-01-03 08:00:00    14
   2000-01-03 12:00:00    15
   2000-01-03 16:00:00    16
   2000-01-03 20:00:00    17
   2000-01-04 00:00:00    18
   2000-01-04 04:00:00    19
   2000-01-04 08:00:00    20
   2000-01-04 12:00:00    21
   2000-01-04 16:00:00    22
   2000-01-04 20:00:00    23
   2000-01-05 00:00:00    24
   Freq: 4H, dtype: int64

   In [4]: series.resample('D', how='sum')
   Out[4]:
   2000-01-01     15
   2000-01-02     51
   2000-01-03     87
   2000-01-04    123
   2000-01-05     24
   Freq: D, dtype: int64

   In [5]: # old behavior
   In [6]: series.resample('D', how='sum', closed='right', label='right')
   Out[6]:
   2000-01-01      0
   2000-01-02     21
   2000-01-03     57
   2000-01-04     93
   2000-01-05    129
   Freq: D, dtype: int64

- Infinity and negative infinity are no longer treated as NA by ``isnull`` and
  ``notnull``. That they ever were was a relic of early pandas. This behavior
  can be re-enabled globally by the ``mode.use_inf_as_null`` option:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [6]: s = pd.Series([1.5, np.inf, 3.4, -np.inf])

    In [7]: pd.isnull(s)
    Out[7]:
    0    False
    1    False
    2    False
    3    False
    Length: 4, dtype: bool

    In [8]: s.fillna(0)
    Out[8]:
    0    1.500000
    1         inf
    2    3.400000
    3        -inf
    Length: 4, dtype: float64

    In [9]: pd.set_option('use_inf_as_null', True)

    In [10]: pd.isnull(s)
    Out[10]:
    0    False
    1     True
    2    False
    3     True
    Length: 4, dtype: bool

    In [11]: s.fillna(0)
    Out[11]:
    0    1.5
    1    0.0
    2    3.4
    3    0.0
    Length: 4, dtype: float64

    In [12]: pd.reset_option('use_inf_as_null')

- Methods with the ``inplace`` option now all return ``None`` instead of the
  calling object. E.g. code written like ``df = df.fillna(0, inplace=True)``
  may stop working. To fix, simply delete the unnecessary variable assignment.

- ``pandas.merge`` no longer sorts the group keys (``sort=False``) by
  default. This was done for performance reasons: the group-key sorting is
  often one of the more expensive parts of the computation and is often
  unnecessary.

- The default column names for a file with no header have been changed to the
  integers ``0`` through ``N - 1``. This is to create consistency with the
  DataFrame constructor with no columns specified. The v0.9.0 behavior (names
  ``X0``, ``X1``, ...) can be reproduced by specifying ``prefix='X'``:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [6]: import io

    In [7]: data = """
      ...: a,b,c
      ...: 1,Yes,2
      ...: 3,No,4
      ...: """
      ...:

    In [8]: print(data)

        a,b,c
        1,Yes,2
        3,No,4

    In [9]: pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(data), header=None)
    Out[9]:
           0    1  2
    0      a    b  c
    1      1  Yes  2
    2      3   No  4

    In [10]: pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(data), header=None, prefix="X")
    Out[10]:
            X0   X1 X2
    0       a    b  c
    1       1  Yes  2
    2       3   No  4

- Values like ``'Yes'`` and ``'No'`` are not interpreted as boolean by default,
  though this can be controlled by new ``true_values`` and ``false_values``
  arguments:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [4]: print(data)

        a,b,c
        1,Yes,2
        3,No,4

    In [5]: pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(data))
    Out[5]:
           a    b  c
    0      1  Yes  2
    1      3   No  4

    In [6]: pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(data), true_values=["Yes"], false_values=["No"])
    Out[6]:
           a      b  c
    0      1   True  2
    1      3  False  4

- The file parsers will not recognize non-string values arising from a
  converter function as NA if passed in the ``na_values`` argument. It's better
  to do post-processing using the ``replace`` function instead.

- Calling ``fillna`` on Series or DataFrame with no arguments is no longer
  valid code. You must either specify a fill value or an interpolation method:

.. ipython:: python
   :okwarning:

   s = pd.Series([np.nan, 1.0, 2.0, np.nan, 4])
   s
   s.fillna(0)
   s.fillna(method="pad")

Convenience methods ``ffill`` and  ``bfill`` have been added:

.. ipython:: python

   s.ffill()


- ``Series.apply`` will now operate on a returned value from the applied
  function, that is itself a series, and possibly upcast the result to a
  DataFrame

  .. ipython:: python

      def f(x):
          return pd.Series([x, x ** 2], index=["x", "x^2"])


      s = pd.Series(np.random.rand(5))
      s
      s.apply(f)

- New API functions for working with pandas options (:issue:`2097`):

  - ``get_option`` / ``set_option`` - get/set the value of an option. Partial
    names are accepted.  - ``reset_option`` - reset one or more options to
    their default value. Partial names are accepted.  - ``describe_option`` -
    print a description of one or more options. When called with no
    arguments. print all registered options.

  Note: ``set_printoptions``/ ``reset_printoptions`` are now deprecated (but
  functioning), the print options now live under "display.XYZ". For example:

  .. ipython:: python

     pd.get_option("display.max_rows")

- to_string() methods now always return unicode strings  (:issue:`2224`).

New features
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Wide DataFrame printing
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Instead of printing the summary information, pandas now splits the string
representation across multiple rows by default:

.. ipython:: python

   wide_frame = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 16))

   wide_frame

The old behavior of printing out summary information can be achieved via the
'expand_frame_repr' print option:

.. ipython:: python

   pd.set_option("expand_frame_repr", False)

   wide_frame

.. ipython:: python
   :suppress:

   pd.reset_option("expand_frame_repr")

The width of each line can be changed via 'line_width' (80 by default):

.. code-block:: python

   pd.set_option("line_width", 40)

   wide_frame


Updated PyTables support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:ref:`Docs <io.hdf5>` for PyTables ``Table`` format & several enhancements to the api. Here is a taste of what to expect.

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [41]: store = pd.HDFStore('store.h5')

    In [42]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 3),
       ....:                   index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=8),
       ....:                   columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])

    In [43]: df
    Out[43]:
                       A         B         C
    2000-01-01 -2.036047  0.000830 -0.955697
    2000-01-02 -0.898872 -0.725411  0.059904
    2000-01-03 -0.449644  1.082900 -1.221265
    2000-01-04  0.361078  1.330704  0.855932
    2000-01-05 -1.216718  1.488887  0.018993
    2000-01-06 -0.877046  0.045976  0.437274
    2000-01-07 -0.567182 -0.888657 -0.556383
    2000-01-08  0.655457  1.117949 -2.782376

    [8 rows x 3 columns]

    # appending data frames
    In [44]: df1 = df[0:4]

    In [45]: df2 = df[4:]

    In [46]: store.append('df', df1)

    In [47]: store.append('df', df2)

    In [48]: store
    Out[48]:
    <class 'pandas.io.pytables.HDFStore'>
    File path: store.h5
    /df            frame_table  (typ->appendable,nrows->8,ncols->3,indexers->[index])

    # selecting the entire store
    In [49]: store.select('df')
    Out[49]:
                       A         B         C
    2000-01-01 -2.036047  0.000830 -0.955697
    2000-01-02 -0.898872 -0.725411  0.059904
    2000-01-03 -0.449644  1.082900 -1.221265
    2000-01-04  0.361078  1.330704  0.855932
    2000-01-05 -1.216718  1.488887  0.018993
    2000-01-06 -0.877046  0.045976  0.437274
    2000-01-07 -0.567182 -0.888657 -0.556383
    2000-01-08  0.655457  1.117949 -2.782376

    [8 rows x 3 columns]

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [50]: wp = pd.Panel(np.random.randn(2, 5, 4), items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
       ....:               major_axis=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
       ....:               minor_axis=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

    In [51]: wp
    Out[51]:
    <class 'pandas.core.panel.Panel'>
    Dimensions: 2 (items) x 5 (major_axis) x 4 (minor_axis)
    Items axis: Item1 to Item2
    Major_axis axis: 2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-05 00:00:00
    Minor_axis axis: A to D

    # storing a panel
    In [52]: store.append('wp', wp)

    # selecting via A QUERY
    In [53]: store.select('wp', [pd.Term('major_axis>20000102'),
       ....:                     pd.Term('minor_axis', '=', ['A', 'B'])])
       ....:
    Out[53]:
    <class 'pandas.core.panel.Panel'>
    Dimensions: 2 (items) x 3 (major_axis) x 2 (minor_axis)
    Items axis: Item1 to Item2
    Major_axis axis: 2000-01-03 00:00:00 to 2000-01-05 00:00:00
    Minor_axis axis: A to B

    # removing data from tables
    In [54]: store.remove('wp', pd.Term('major_axis>20000103'))
    Out[54]: 8

    In [55]: store.select('wp')
    Out[55]:
    <class 'pandas.core.panel.Panel'>
    Dimensions: 2 (items) x 3 (major_axis) x 4 (minor_axis)
    Items axis: Item1 to Item2
    Major_axis axis: 2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-03 00:00:00
    Minor_axis axis: A to D

    # deleting a store
    In [56]: del store['df']

    In [57]: store
    Out[57]:
    <class 'pandas.io.pytables.HDFStore'>
    File path: store.h5
    /wp            wide_table   (typ->appendable,nrows->12,ncols->2,indexers->[major_axis,minor_axis])


**Enhancements**

- added ability to hierarchical keys

   .. code-block:: ipython

        In [58]: store.put('foo/bar/bah', df)

        In [59]: store.append('food/orange', df)

        In [60]: store.append('food/apple', df)

        In [61]: store
        Out[61]:
        <class 'pandas.io.pytables.HDFStore'>
        File path: store.h5
        /foo/bar/bah            frame        (shape->[8,3])
        /food/apple             frame_table  (typ->appendable,nrows->8,ncols->3,indexers->[index])
        /food/orange            frame_table  (typ->appendable,nrows->8,ncols->3,indexers->[index])
        /wp                     wide_table   (typ->appendable,nrows->12,ncols->2,indexers->[major_axis,minor_axis])

        # remove all nodes under this level
        In [62]: store.remove('food')

        In [63]: store
        Out[63]:
        <class 'pandas.io.pytables.HDFStore'>
        File path: store.h5
        /foo/bar/bah            frame        (shape->[8,3])
        /wp                     wide_table   (typ->appendable,nrows->12,ncols->2,indexers->[major_axis,minor_axis])

- added mixed-dtype support!

   .. code-block:: ipython

        In [64]: df['string'] = 'string'

        In [65]: df['int'] = 1

        In [66]: store.append('df', df)

        In [67]: df1 = store.select('df')

        In [68]: df1
        Out[68]:
                           A         B         C  string  int
        2000-01-01 -2.036047  0.000830 -0.955697  string    1
        2000-01-02 -0.898872 -0.725411  0.059904  string    1
        2000-01-03 -0.449644  1.082900 -1.221265  string    1
        2000-01-04  0.361078  1.330704  0.855932  string    1
        2000-01-05 -1.216718  1.488887  0.018993  string    1
        2000-01-06 -0.877046  0.045976  0.437274  string    1
        2000-01-07 -0.567182 -0.888657 -0.556383  string    1
        2000-01-08  0.655457  1.117949 -2.782376  string    1

        [8 rows x 5 columns]

        In [69]: df1.get_dtype_counts()
        Out[69]:
        float64    3
        int64      1
        object     1
        dtype: int64

- performance improvements on table writing
- support for arbitrarily indexed dimensions
- ``SparseSeries`` now has a ``density`` property (:issue:`2384`)
- enable ``Series.str.strip/lstrip/rstrip`` methods to take an input argument
  to strip arbitrary characters (:issue:`2411`)
- implement ``value_vars`` in ``melt`` to limit values to certain columns
  and add ``melt`` to pandas namespace (:issue:`2412`)

**Bug Fixes**

- added ``Term`` method of specifying where conditions (:issue:`1996`).
- ``del store['df']`` now call ``store.remove('df')`` for store deletion
- deleting of consecutive rows is much faster than before
- ``min_itemsize`` parameter can be specified in table creation to force a
  minimum size for indexing columns (the previous implementation would set the
  column size based on the first append)
- indexing support via ``create_table_index`` (requires PyTables >= 2.3)
  (:issue:`698`).
- appending on a store would fail if the table was not first created via ``put``
- fixed issue with missing attributes after loading a pickled dataframe (GH2431)
- minor change to select and remove: require a table ONLY if where is also
  provided (and not None)

**Compatibility**

0.10 of ``HDFStore`` is backwards compatible for reading tables created in a prior version of pandas,
however, query terms using the prior (undocumented) methodology are unsupported. You must read in the entire
file and write it out using the new format to take advantage of the updates.

N dimensional panels (experimental)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Adding experimental support for Panel4D and factory functions to create n-dimensional named panels.
Here is a taste of what to expect.

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [58]: p4d = Panel4D(np.random.randn(2, 2, 5, 4),
    ....:       labels=['Label1','Label2'],
    ....:       items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
    ....:       major_axis=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
    ....:       minor_axis=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
    ....:

  In [59]: p4d
  Out[59]:
  <class 'pandas.core.panelnd.Panel4D'>
  Dimensions: 2 (labels) x 2 (items) x 5 (major_axis) x 4 (minor_axis)
  Labels axis: Label1 to Label2
  Items axis: Item1 to Item2
  Major_axis axis: 2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-05 00:00:00
  Minor_axis axis: A to D





See the :ref:`full release notes
<release>` or issue tracker
on GitHub for a complete list.


.. _whatsnew_0.10.0.contributors:

Contributors
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. contributors:: v0.9.0..v0.10.0
