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# What’s new in 0.25.0 (July 18, 2019)

Warning

Starting with the 0.25.x series of releases, pandas only supports Python 3.5.3 and higher. See Dropping Python 2.7 for more details.

Warning

The minimum supported Python version will be bumped to 3.6 in a future release.

Warning

`Panel` has been fully removed. For N-D labeled data structures, please use xarray

Warning

`read_pickle()` and `read_msgpack()` are only guaranteed backwards compatible back to pandas version 0.20.3 (GH 27082)

These are the changes in pandas 0.25.0. See Release notes for a full changelog including other versions of pandas.

## Enhancements

### GroupBy aggregation with relabeling

pandas has added special groupby behavior, known as “named aggregation”, for naming the output columns when applying multiple aggregation functions to specific columns (GH 18366, GH 26512).

    In [1]: animals = pd.DataFrame({'kind': ['cat', 'dog', 'cat', 'dog'],
       ...:                         'height': [9.1, 6.0, 9.5, 34.0],
       ...:                         'weight': [7.9, 7.5, 9.9, 198.0]})
       ...:

    In [2]: animals
    Out[2]:
      kind  height  weight
    0  cat     9.1     7.9
    1  dog     6.0     7.5
    2  cat     9.5     9.9
    3  dog    34.0   198.0

    [4 rows x 3 columns]

    In [3]: animals.groupby("kind").agg(
       ...:     min_height=pd.NamedAgg(column='height', aggfunc='min'),
       ...:     max_height=pd.NamedAgg(column='height', aggfunc='max'),
       ...:     average_weight=pd.NamedAgg(column='weight', aggfunc="mean"),
       ...: )
       ...:
    Out[3]:
          min_height  max_height  average_weight
    kind
    cat          9.1         9.5            8.90
    dog          6.0        34.0          102.75

    [2 rows x 3 columns]

Pass the desired columns names as the `**kwargs` to `.agg`. The values of `**kwargs` should be tuples where the first element is the column selection, and the second element is the aggregation function to apply. pandas provides the `pandas.NamedAgg` namedtuple to make it clearer what the arguments to the function are, but plain tuples are accepted as well.

    In [4]: animals.groupby("kind").agg(
       ...:     min_height=('height', 'min'),
       ...:     max_height=('height', 'max'),
       ...:     average_weight=('weight', 'mean'),
       ...: )
       ...:
    Out[4]:
          min_height  max_height  average_weight
    kind
    cat          9.1         9.5            8.90
    dog          6.0        34.0          102.75

    [2 rows x 3 columns]

Named aggregation is the recommended replacement for the deprecated “dict-of-dicts” approach to naming the output of column-specific aggregations (Deprecate groupby.agg() with a dictionary when renaming).

A similar approach is now available for Series groupby objects as well. Because there’s no need for column selection, the values can just be the functions to apply

    In [5]: animals.groupby("kind").height.agg(
       ...:     min_height="min",
       ...:     max_height="max",
       ...: )
       ...:
    Out[5]:
          min_height  max_height
    kind
    cat          9.1         9.5
    dog          6.0        34.0

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

This type of aggregation is the recommended alternative to the deprecated behavior when passing a dict to a Series groupby aggregation (Deprecate groupby.agg() with a dictionary when renaming).

See Named aggregation for more.

### GroupBy aggregation with multiple lambdas

You can now provide multiple lambda functions to a list-like aggregation in `GroupBy.agg` (GH 26430).

    In [6]: animals.groupby('kind').height.agg([
       ...:     lambda x: x.iloc[0], lambda x: x.iloc[-1]
       ...: ])
       ...:
    Out[6]:
          <lambda_0>  <lambda_1>
    kind
    cat          9.1         9.5
    dog          6.0        34.0

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

    In [7]: animals.groupby('kind').agg([
       ...:     lambda x: x.iloc[0] - x.iloc[1],
       ...:     lambda x: x.iloc[0] + x.iloc[1]
       ...: ])
       ...:
    Out[7]:
             height                weight
         <lambda_0> <lambda_1> <lambda_0> <lambda_1>
    kind
    cat        -0.4       18.6       -2.0       17.8
    dog       -28.0       40.0     -190.5      205.5

    [2 rows x 4 columns]

Previously, these raised a `SpecificationError`.

### Better repr for MultiIndex

Printing of `MultiIndex` instances now shows tuples of each row and ensures that the tuple items are vertically aligned, so it’s now easier to understand the structure of the `MultiIndex`. (GH 13480):

The repr now looks like this:

    In [8]: pd.MultiIndex.from_product([['a', 'abc'], range(500)])
    Out[8]:
    MultiIndex([(  'a',   0),
                (  'a',   1),
                (  'a',   2),
                (  'a',   3),
                (  'a',   4),
                (  'a',   5),
                (  'a',   6),
                (  'a',   7),
                (  'a',   8),
                (  'a',   9),
                ...
                ('abc', 490),
                ('abc', 491),
                ('abc', 492),
                ('abc', 493),
                ('abc', 494),
                ('abc', 495),
                ('abc', 496),
                ('abc', 497),
                ('abc', 498),
                ('abc', 499)],
               length=1000)

Previously, outputting a `MultiIndex` printed all the `levels` and `codes` of the `MultiIndex`, which was visually unappealing and made the output more difficult to navigate. For example (limiting the range to 5):

    In [1]: pd.MultiIndex.from_product([['a', 'abc'], range(5)])
    Out[1]: MultiIndex(levels=[['a', 'abc'], [0, 1, 2, 3]],
       ...:            codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]])

In the new repr, all values will be shown, if the number of rows is smaller than `options.display.max_seq_items` (default: 100 items). Horizontally, the output will truncate, if it’s wider than `options.display.width` (default: 80 characters).

### Shorter truncated repr for Series and DataFrame

Currently, the default display options of pandas ensure that when a Series or DataFrame has more than 60 rows, its repr gets truncated to this maximum of 60 rows (the `display.max_rows` option). However, this still gives a repr that takes up a large part of the vertical screen estate. Therefore, a new option `display.min_rows` is introduced with a default of 10 which determines the number of rows showed in the truncated repr:

- For small Series or DataFrames, up to `max_rows` number of rows is shown (default: 60).

- For larger Series of DataFrame with a length above `max_rows`, only `min_rows` number of rows is shown (default: 10, i.e. the first and last 5 rows).

This dual option allows to still see the full content of relatively small objects (e.g. `df.head(20)` shows all 20 rows), while giving a brief repr for large objects.

To restore the previous behaviour of a single threshold, set `pd.options.display.min_rows = None`.

### JSON normalize with max_level param support

`json_normalize()` normalizes the provided input dict to all nested levels. The new max_level parameter provides more control over which level to end normalization (GH 23843):

The repr now looks like this:

    from pandas.io.json import json_normalize
    data = [{
        'CreatedBy': {'Name': 'User001'},
        'Lookup': {'TextField': 'Some text',
                   'UserField': {'Id': 'ID001', 'Name': 'Name001'}},
        'Image': {'a': 'b'}
    }]
    json_normalize(data, max_level=1)

### Series.explode to split list-like values to rows

`Series` and `DataFrame` have gained the `DataFrame.explode()` methods to transform list-likes to individual rows. See section on Exploding list-like column in docs for more information (GH 16538, GH 10511)

Here is a typical usecase. You have comma separated string in a column.

    In [9]: df = pd.DataFrame([{'var1': 'a,b,c', 'var2': 1},
       ...:                    {'var1': 'd,e,f', 'var2': 2}])
       ...:

    In [10]: df
    Out[10]:
        var1  var2
    0  a,b,c     1
    1  d,e,f     2

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

Creating a long form `DataFrame` is now straightforward using chained operations

    In [11]: df.assign(var1=df.var1.str.split(',')).explode('var1')
    Out[11]:
      var1  var2
    0    a     1
    0    b     1
    0    c     1
    1    d     2
    1    e     2
    1    f     2

    [6 rows x 2 columns]

### Other enhancements

- `DataFrame.plot()` keywords `logy`, `logx` and `loglog` can now accept the value `'sym'` for symlog scaling. (GH 24867)

- Added support for ISO week year format (‘%G-%V-%u’) when parsing datetimes using `to_datetime()` (GH 16607)

- Indexing of `DataFrame` and `Series` now accepts zerodim `np.ndarray` (GH 24919)

- `Timestamp.replace()` now supports the `fold` argument to disambiguate DST transition times (GH 25017)

- `DataFrame.at_time()` and `Series.at_time()` now support `datetime.time` objects with timezones (GH 24043)

- `DataFrame.pivot_table()` now accepts an `observed` parameter which is passed to underlying calls to `DataFrame.groupby()` to speed up grouping categorical data. (GH 24923)

- `Series.str` has gained `Series.str.casefold()` method to removes all case distinctions present in a string (GH 25405)

- `DataFrame.set_index()` now works for instances of `abc.Iterator`, provided their output is of the same length as the calling frame (GH 22484, GH 24984)

- `DatetimeIndex.union()` now supports the `sort` argument. The behavior of the sort parameter matches that of `Index.union()` (GH 24994)

- `RangeIndex.union()` now supports the `sort` argument. If `sort=False` an unsorted `Int64Index` is always returned. `sort=None` is the default and returns a monotonically increasing `RangeIndex` if possible or a sorted `Int64Index` if not (GH 24471)

- `TimedeltaIndex.intersection()` now also supports the `sort` keyword (GH 24471)

- `DataFrame.rename()` now supports the `errors` argument to raise errors when attempting to rename nonexistent keys (GH 13473)

- Added Sparse accessor for working with a `DataFrame` whose values are sparse (GH 25681)

- `RangeIndex` has gained `start`, `stop`, and `step` attributes (GH 25710)

- `datetime.timezone` objects are now supported as arguments to timezone methods and constructors (GH 25065)

- `DataFrame.query()` and `DataFrame.eval()` now supports quoting column names with backticks to refer to names with spaces (GH 6508)

- `merge_asof()` now gives a more clear error message when merge keys are categoricals that are not equal (GH 26136)

- `Rolling()` supports exponential (or Poisson) window type (GH 21303)

- Error message for missing required imports now includes the original import error’s text (GH 23868)

- `DatetimeIndex` and `TimedeltaIndex` now have a `mean` method (GH 24757)

- `DataFrame.describe()` now formats integer percentiles without decimal point (GH 26660)

- Added support for reading SPSS .sav files using `read_spss()` (GH 26537)

- Added new option `plotting.backend` to be able to select a plotting backend different than the existing `matplotlib` one. Use `pandas.set_option('plotting.backend', '<backend-module>')` where `<backend-module` is a library implementing the pandas plotting API (GH 14130)

- `pandas.offsets.BusinessHour` supports multiple opening hours intervals (GH 15481)

- `read_excel()` can now use `openpyxl` to read Excel files via the `engine='openpyxl'` argument. This will become the default in a future release (GH 11499)

- `pandas.io.excel.read_excel()` supports reading OpenDocument tables. Specify `engine='odf'` to enable. Consult the IO User Guide for more details (GH 9070)

- `Interval`, `IntervalIndex`, and `IntervalArray` have gained an `is_empty` attribute denoting if the given interval(s) are empty (GH 27219)

## Backwards incompatible API changes

### Indexing with date strings with UTC offsets

Indexing a `DataFrame` or `Series` with a `DatetimeIndex` with a date string with a UTC offset would previously ignore the UTC offset. Now, the UTC offset is respected in indexing. (GH 24076, GH 16785)

    In [12]: df = pd.DataFrame([0], index=pd.DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-01'], tz='US/Pacific'))

    In [13]: df
    Out[13]:
                               0
    2019-01-01 00:00:00-08:00  0

    [1 rows x 1 columns]

Previous behavior:

    In [3]: df['2019-01-01 00:00:00+04:00':'2019-01-01 01:00:00+04:00']
    Out[3]:
                               0
    2019-01-01 00:00:00-08:00  0

New behavior:

    In [14]: df['2019-01-01 12:00:00+04:00':'2019-01-01 13:00:00+04:00']
    Out[14]:
                               0
    2019-01-01 00:00:00-08:00  0

    [1 rows x 1 columns]

### `MultiIndex` constructed from levels and codes

Constructing a `MultiIndex` with `NaN` levels or codes value < -1 was allowed previously. Now, construction with codes value < -1 is not allowed and `NaN` levels’ corresponding codes would be reassigned as -1. (GH 19387)

Previous behavior:

    In [1]: pd.MultiIndex(levels=[[np.nan, None, pd.NaT, 128, 2]],
       ...:               codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
       ...:
    Out[1]: MultiIndex(levels=[[nan, None, NaT, 128, 2]],
                       codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]])

    In [2]: pd.MultiIndex(levels=[[1, 2]], codes=[[0, -2]])
    Out[2]: MultiIndex(levels=[[1, 2]],
                       codes=[[0, -2]])

New behavior:

    In [15]: pd.MultiIndex(levels=[[np.nan, None, pd.NaT, 128, 2]],
       ....:               codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
       ....:
    Out[15]:
    MultiIndex([(nan,),
                (nan,),
                (nan,),
                (nan,),
                (128,),
                (  2,)],
               )

    In [16]: pd.MultiIndex(levels=[[1, 2]], codes=[[0, -2]])
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
    Cell In[16], line 1
    ----> 1 pd.MultiIndex(levels=[[1, 2]], codes=[[0, -2]])

    File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py:365, in MultiIndex.__new__(cls, levels, codes, sortorder, names, dtype, copy, name, verify_integrity)
        362     result.sortorder = sortorder
        364 if verify_integrity:
    --> 365     new_codes = result._verify_integrity()
        366     result._codes = new_codes
        368 result._reset_identity()

    File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py:452, in MultiIndex._verify_integrity(self, codes, levels, levels_to_verify)
        446     raise ValueError(
        447         f"On level {i}, code max ({level_codes.max()}) >= length of "
        448         f"level ({len(level)}). NOTE: this index is in an "
        449         "inconsistent state"
        450     )
        451 if len(level_codes) and level_codes.min() < -1:
    --> 452     raise ValueError(f"On level {i}, code value ({level_codes.min()}) < -1")
        453 if not level.is_unique:
        454     raise ValueError(
        455         f"Level values must be unique: {list(level)} on level {i}"
        456     )

    ValueError: On level 0, code value (-2) < -1

### `GroupBy.apply` on `DataFrame` evaluates first group only once

The implementation of `DataFrameGroupBy.apply()` previously evaluated the supplied function consistently twice on the first group to infer if it is safe to use a fast code path. Particularly for functions with side effects, this was an undesired behavior and may have led to surprises. (GH 2936, GH 2656, GH 7739, GH 10519, GH 12155, GH 20084, GH 21417)

Now every group is evaluated only a single time.

    In [17]: df = pd.DataFrame({"a": ["x", "y"], "b": [1, 2]})

    In [18]: df
    Out[18]:
       a  b
    0  x  1
    1  y  2

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

    In [19]: def func(group):
       ....:     print(group.name)
       ....:     return group
       ....:

Previous behavior:

    In [3]: df.groupby('a').apply(func)
    x
    x
    y
    Out[3]:
       a  b
    0  x  1
    1  y  2

New behavior:

    In [3]: df.groupby('a').apply(func)
    x
    y
    Out[3]:
       a  b
    0  x  1
    1  y  2

### Concatenating sparse values

When passed DataFrames whose values are sparse, `concat()` will now return a `Series` or `DataFrame` with sparse values, rather than a `SparseDataFrame` (GH 25702).

    In [20]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": pd.arrays.SparseArray([0, 1])})

Previous behavior:

    In [2]: type(pd.concat([df, df]))
    pandas.core.sparse.frame.SparseDataFrame

New behavior:

    In [21]: type(pd.concat([df, df]))
    Out[21]: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame

This now matches the existing behavior of `concat` on `Series` with sparse values. `concat()` will continue to return a `SparseDataFrame` when all the values are instances of `SparseDataFrame`.

This change also affects routines using `concat()` internally, like `get_dummies()`, which now returns a `DataFrame` in all cases (previously a `SparseDataFrame` was returned if all the columns were dummy encoded, and a `DataFrame` otherwise).

Providing any `SparseSeries` or `SparseDataFrame` to `concat()` will cause a `SparseSeries` or `SparseDataFrame` to be returned, as before.

### The `.str`-accessor performs stricter type checks

Due to the lack of more fine-grained dtypes, `Series.str` so far only checked whether the data was of `object` dtype. `Series.str` will now infer the dtype data within the Series; in particular, `'bytes'`-only data will raise an exception (except for `Series.str.decode()`, `Series.str.get()`, `Series.str.len()`, `Series.str.slice()`), see GH 23163, GH 23011, GH 23551.

Previous behavior:

    In [1]: s = pd.Series(np.array(['a', 'ba', 'cba'], 'S'), dtype=object)

    In [2]: s
    Out[2]:
    0      b'a'
    1     b'ba'
    2    b'cba'
    dtype: object

    In [3]: s.str.startswith(b'a')
    Out[3]:
    0     True
    1    False
    2    False
    dtype: bool

New behavior:

    In [22]: s = pd.Series(np.array(['a', 'ba', 'cba'], 'S'), dtype=object)

    In [23]: s
    Out[23]:
    0      b'a'
    1     b'ba'
    2    b'cba'
    Length: 3, dtype: object

    In [24]: s.str.startswith(b'a')
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
    Cell In[24], line 1
    ----> 1 s.str.startswith(b'a')

    File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/strings/accessor.py:139, in forbid_nonstring_types.<locals>._forbid_nonstring_types.<locals>.wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
        134 if self._inferred_dtype not in allowed_types:
        135     msg = (
        136         f"Cannot use .str.{func_name} with values of "
        137         f"inferred dtype '{self._inferred_dtype}'."
        138     )
    --> 139     raise TypeError(msg)
        140 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)

    TypeError: Cannot use .str.startswith with values of inferred dtype 'bytes'.

### Categorical dtypes are preserved during GroupBy

Previously, columns that were categorical, but not the groupby key(s) would be converted to `object` dtype during groupby operations. pandas now will preserve these dtypes. (GH 18502)

    In [25]: cat = pd.Categorical(["foo", "bar", "bar", "qux"], ordered=True)

    In [26]: df = pd.DataFrame({'payload': [-1, -2, -1, -2], 'col': cat})

    In [27]: df
    Out[27]:
       payload  col
    0       -1  foo
    1       -2  bar
    2       -1  bar
    3       -2  qux

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

    In [28]: df.dtypes
    Out[28]:
    payload       int64
    col        category
    Length: 2, dtype: object

Previous Behavior:

    In [5]: df.groupby('payload').first().col.dtype
    Out[5]: dtype('O')

New Behavior:

    In [29]: df.groupby('payload').first().col.dtype
    Out[29]: CategoricalDtype(categories=['bar', 'foo', 'qux'], ordered=True, categories_dtype=object)

### Incompatible Index type unions

When performing `Index.union()` operations between objects of incompatible dtypes, the result will be a base `Index` of dtype `object`. This behavior holds true for unions between `Index` objects that previously would have been prohibited. The dtype of empty `Index` objects will now be evaluated before performing union operations rather than simply returning the other `Index` object. `Index.union()` can now be considered commutative, such that `A.union(B) == B.union(A)` (GH 23525).

Previous behavior:

    In [1]: pd.period_range('19910905', periods=2).union(pd.Int64Index([1, 2, 3]))
    ...
    ValueError: can only call with other PeriodIndex-ed objects

    In [2]: pd.Index([], dtype=object).union(pd.Index([1, 2, 3]))
    Out[2]: Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')

New behavior:

    In [3]: pd.period_range('19910905', periods=2).union(pd.Int64Index([1, 2, 3]))
    Out[3]: Index([1991-09-05, 1991-09-06, 1, 2, 3], dtype='object')
    In [4]: pd.Index([], dtype=object).union(pd.Index([1, 2, 3]))
    Out[4]: Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='object')

Note that integer- and floating-dtype indexes are considered “compatible”. The integer values are coerced to floating point, which may result in loss of precision. See Set operations on Index objects for more.

### `DataFrame` GroupBy ffill/bfill no longer return group labels

The methods `ffill`, `bfill`, `pad` and `backfill` of `DataFrameGroupBy` previously included the group labels in the return value, which was inconsistent with other groupby transforms. Now only the filled values are returned. (GH 21521)

    In [30]: df = pd.DataFrame({"a": ["x", "y"], "b": [1, 2]})

    In [31]: df
    Out[31]:
       a  b
    0  x  1
    1  y  2

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

Previous behavior:

    In [3]: df.groupby("a").ffill()
    Out[3]:
       a  b
    0  x  1
    1  y  2

New behavior:

    In [32]: df.groupby("a").ffill()
    Out[32]:
       b
    0  1
    1  2

    [2 rows x 1 columns]

### `DataFrame` describe on an empty Categorical / object column will return top and freq

When calling `DataFrame.describe()` with an empty categorical / object column, the ‘top’ and ‘freq’ columns were previously omitted, which was inconsistent with the output for non-empty columns. Now the ‘top’ and ‘freq’ columns will always be included, with `numpy.nan` in the case of an empty `DataFrame` (GH 26397)

    In [33]: df = pd.DataFrame({"empty_col": pd.Categorical([])})

    In [34]: df
    Out[34]:
    Empty DataFrame
    Columns: [empty_col]
    Index: []

    [0 rows x 1 columns]

Previous behavior:

    In [3]: df.describe()
    Out[3]:
            empty_col
    count           0
    unique          0

New behavior:

    In [35]: df.describe()
    Out[35]:
           empty_col
    count          0
    unique         0
    top          NaN
    freq         NaN

    [4 rows x 1 columns]

### `__str__` methods now call `__repr__` rather than vice versa

pandas has until now mostly defined string representations in a pandas objects’ `__str__`/`__unicode__`/`__bytes__` methods, and called `__str__` from the `__repr__` method, if a specific `__repr__` method is not found. This is not needed for Python3. In pandas 0.25, the string representations of pandas objects are now generally defined in `__repr__`, and calls to `__str__` in general now pass the call on to the `__repr__`, if a specific `__str__` method doesn’t exist, as is standard for Python. This change is backward compatible for direct usage of pandas, but if you subclass pandas objects and give your subclasses specific `__str__`/`__repr__` methods, you may have to adjust your `__str__`/`__repr__` methods (GH 26495).

### Indexing an `IntervalIndex` with `Interval` objects

Indexing methods for `IntervalIndex` have been modified to require exact matches only for `Interval` queries. `IntervalIndex` methods previously matched on any overlapping `Interval`. Behavior with scalar points, e.g. querying with an integer, is unchanged (GH 16316).

    In [36]: ii = pd.IntervalIndex.from_tuples([(0, 4), (1, 5), (5, 8)])

    In [37]: ii
    Out[37]: IntervalIndex([(0, 4], (1, 5], (5, 8]], dtype='interval[int64, right]')

The `in` operator (`__contains__`) now only returns `True` for exact matches to `Intervals` in the `IntervalIndex`, whereas this would previously return `True` for any `Interval` overlapping an `Interval` in the `IntervalIndex`.

Previous behavior:

    In [4]: pd.Interval(1, 2, closed='neither') in ii
    Out[4]: True

    In [5]: pd.Interval(-10, 10, closed='both') in ii
    Out[5]: True

New behavior:

    In [38]: pd.Interval(1, 2, closed='neither') in ii
    Out[38]: False

    In [39]: pd.Interval(-10, 10, closed='both') in ii
    Out[39]: False

The `get_loc()` method now only returns locations for exact matches to `Interval` queries, as opposed to the previous behavior of returning locations for overlapping matches. A `KeyError` will be raised if an exact match is not found.

Previous behavior:

    In [6]: ii.get_loc(pd.Interval(1, 5))
    Out[6]: array([0, 1])

    In [7]: ii.get_loc(pd.Interval(2, 6))
    Out[7]: array([0, 1, 2])

New behavior:

    In [6]: ii.get_loc(pd.Interval(1, 5))
    Out[6]: 1

    In [7]: ii.get_loc(pd.Interval(2, 6))
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    KeyError: Interval(2, 6, closed='right')

Likewise, `get_indexer()` and `get_indexer_non_unique()` will also only return locations for exact matches to `Interval` queries, with `-1` denoting that an exact match was not found.

These indexing changes extend to querying a `Series` or `DataFrame` with an `IntervalIndex` index.

    In [40]: s = pd.Series(list('abc'), index=ii)

    In [41]: s
    Out[41]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    (5, 8]    c
    Length: 3, dtype: object

Selecting from a `Series` or `DataFrame` using `[]` (`__getitem__`) or `loc` now only returns exact matches for `Interval` queries.

Previous behavior:

    In [8]: s[pd.Interval(1, 5)]
    Out[8]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    dtype: object

    In [9]: s.loc[pd.Interval(1, 5)]
    Out[9]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    dtype: object

New behavior:

    In [42]: s[pd.Interval(1, 5)]
    Out[42]: 'b'

    In [43]: s.loc[pd.Interval(1, 5)]
    Out[43]: 'b'

Similarly, a `KeyError` will be raised for non-exact matches instead of returning overlapping matches.

Previous behavior:

    In [9]: s[pd.Interval(2, 3)]
    Out[9]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    dtype: object

    In [10]: s.loc[pd.Interval(2, 3)]
    Out[10]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    dtype: object

New behavior:

    In [6]: s[pd.Interval(2, 3)]
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    KeyError: Interval(2, 3, closed='right')

    In [7]: s.loc[pd.Interval(2, 3)]
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    KeyError: Interval(2, 3, closed='right')

The `overlaps()` method can be used to create a boolean indexer that replicates the previous behavior of returning overlapping matches.

New behavior:

    In [44]: idxr = s.index.overlaps(pd.Interval(2, 3))

    In [45]: idxr
    Out[45]: array([ True,  True, False])

    In [46]: s[idxr]
    Out[46]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    Length: 2, dtype: object

    In [47]: s.loc[idxr]
    Out[47]:
    (0, 4]    a
    (1, 5]    b
    Length: 2, dtype: object

### Binary ufuncs on Series now align

Applying a binary ufunc like `numpy.power()` now aligns the inputs when both are `Series` (GH 23293).

    In [48]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c'])

    In [49]: s2 = pd.Series([3, 4, 5], index=['d', 'c', 'b'])

    In [50]: s1
    Out[50]:
    a    1
    b    2
    c    3
    Length: 3, dtype: int64

    In [51]: s2
    Out[51]:
    d    3
    c    4
    b    5
    Length: 3, dtype: int64

Previous behavior

    In [5]: np.power(s1, s2)
    Out[5]:
    a      1
    b     16
    c    243
    dtype: int64

New behavior

    In [52]: np.power(s1, s2)
    Out[52]:
    a     1.0
    b    32.0
    c    81.0
    d     NaN
    Length: 4, dtype: float64

This matches the behavior of other binary operations in pandas, like `Series.add()`. To retain the previous behavior, convert the other `Series` to an array before applying the ufunc.

    In [53]: np.power(s1, s2.array)
    Out[53]:
    a      1
    b     16
    c    243
    Length: 3, dtype: int64

### Categorical.argsort now places missing values at the end

`Categorical.argsort()` now places missing values at the end of the array, making it consistent with NumPy and the rest of pandas (GH 21801).

    In [54]: cat = pd.Categorical(['b', None, 'a'], categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=True)

Previous behavior

    In [2]: cat = pd.Categorical(['b', None, 'a'], categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=True)

    In [3]: cat.argsort()
    Out[3]: array([1, 2, 0])

    In [4]: cat[cat.argsort()]
    Out[4]:
    [NaN, a, b]
    categories (2, object): [a < b]

New behavior

    In [55]: cat.argsort()
    Out[55]: array([2, 0, 1])

    In [56]: cat[cat.argsort()]
    Out[56]:
    ['a', 'b', NaN]
    Categories (2, object): ['a' < 'b']

### Column order is preserved when passing a list of dicts to DataFrame

Starting with Python 3.7 the key-order of `dict` is guaranteed. In practice, this has been true since Python 3.6. The `DataFrame` constructor now treats a list of dicts in the same way as it does a list of `OrderedDict`, i.e. preserving the order of the dicts. This change applies only when pandas is running on Python>=3.6 (GH 27309).

    In [57]: data = [
       ....:     {'name': 'Joe', 'state': 'NY', 'age': 18},
       ....:     {'name': 'Jane', 'state': 'KY', 'age': 19, 'hobby': 'Minecraft'},
       ....:     {'name': 'Jean', 'state': 'OK', 'age': 20, 'finances': 'good'}
       ....: ]
       ....:

Previous Behavior:

The columns were lexicographically sorted previously,

    In [1]: pd.DataFrame(data)
    Out[1]:
       age finances      hobby  name state
    0   18      NaN        NaN   Joe    NY
    1   19      NaN  Minecraft  Jane    KY
    2   20     good        NaN  Jean    OK

New Behavior:

The column order now matches the insertion-order of the keys in the `dict`, considering all the records from top to bottom. As a consequence, the column order of the resulting DataFrame has changed compared to previous pandas versions.

    In [58]: pd.DataFrame(data)
    Out[58]:
       name state  age      hobby finances
    0   Joe    NY   18        NaN      NaN
    1  Jane    KY   19  Minecraft      NaN
    2  Jean    OK   20        NaN     good

    [3 rows x 5 columns]

### Increased minimum versions for dependencies

Due to dropping support for Python 2.7, a number of optional dependencies have updated minimum versions (GH 25725, GH 24942, GH 25752). Independently, some minimum supported versions of dependencies were updated (GH 23519, GH 25554). If installed, we now require:

Package | Minimum Version | Required
--- | --- | ---
numpy | 1.13.3 | X
pytz | 2015.4 | X
python-dateutil | 2.6.1 | X
bottleneck | 1.2.1 |
numexpr | 2.6.2 |
pytest (dev) | 4.0.2 |

For optional libraries the general recommendation is to use the latest version. The following table lists the lowest version per library that is currently being tested throughout the development of pandas. Optional libraries below the lowest tested version may still work, but are not considered supported.

Package | Minimum Version
--- | ---
beautifulsoup4 | 4.6.0
fastparquet | 0.2.1
gcsfs | 0.2.2
lxml | 3.8.0
matplotlib | 2.2.2
openpyxl | 2.4.8
pyarrow | 0.9.0
pymysql | 0.7.1
pytables | 3.4.2
scipy | 0.19.0
sqlalchemy | 1.1.4
xarray | 0.8.2
xlrd | 1.1.0
xlsxwriter | 0.9.8
xlwt | 1.2.0

See Dependencies and Optional dependencies for more.

### Other API changes

- `DatetimeTZDtype` will now standardize pytz timezones to a common timezone instance (GH 24713)

- `Timestamp` and `Timedelta` scalars now implement the `to_numpy()` method as aliases to `Timestamp.to_datetime64()` and `Timedelta.to_timedelta64()`, respectively. (GH 24653)

- `Timestamp.strptime()` will now rise a `NotImplementedError` (GH 25016)

- Comparing `Timestamp` with unsupported objects now returns `NotImplemented` instead of raising `TypeError`. This implies that unsupported rich comparisons are delegated to the other object, and are now consistent with Python 3 behavior for `datetime` objects (GH 24011)

- Bug in `DatetimeIndex.snap()` which didn’t preserving the `name` of the input `Index` (GH 25575)

- The `arg` argument in `DataFrameGroupBy.agg()` has been renamed to `func` (GH 26089)

- The `arg` argument in `Window.aggregate()` has been renamed to `func` (GH 26372)

- Most pandas classes had a `__bytes__` method, which was used for getting a python2-style bytestring representation of the object. This method has been removed as a part of dropping Python2 (GH 26447)

- The `.str`-accessor has been disabled for 1-level `MultiIndex`, use `MultiIndex.to_flat_index()` if necessary (GH 23679)

- Removed support of gtk package for clipboards (GH 26563)

- Using an unsupported version of Beautiful Soup 4 will now raise an `ImportError` instead of a `ValueError` (GH 27063)

- `Series.to_excel()` and `DataFrame.to_excel()` will now raise a `ValueError` when saving timezone aware data. (GH 27008, GH 7056)

- `ExtensionArray.argsort()` places NA values at the end of the sorted array. (GH 21801)

- `DataFrame.to_hdf()` and `Series.to_hdf()` will now raise a `NotImplementedError` when saving a `MultiIndex` with extension data types for a `fixed` format. (GH 7775)

- Passing duplicate `names` in `read_csv()` will now raise a `ValueError` (GH 17346)

## Deprecations

### Sparse subclasses

The `SparseSeries` and `SparseDataFrame` subclasses are deprecated. Their functionality is better-provided by a `Series` or `DataFrame` with sparse values.

Previous way

    df = pd.SparseDataFrame({"A": [0, 0, 1, 2]})
    df.dtypes

New way

    In [59]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": pd.arrays.SparseArray([0, 0, 1, 2])})

    In [60]: df.dtypes
    Out[60]:
    A    Sparse[int64, 0]
    Length: 1, dtype: object

The memory usage of the two approaches is identical (GH 19239).

### msgpack format

The msgpack format is deprecated as of 0.25 and will be removed in a future version. It is recommended to use pyarrow for on-the-wire transmission of pandas objects. (GH 27084)

### Other deprecations

- The deprecated `.ix[]` indexer now raises a more visible `FutureWarning` instead of `DeprecationWarning` (GH 26438).

- Deprecated the `units=M` (months) and `units=Y` (year) parameters for `units` of `pandas.to_timedelta()`, `pandas.Timedelta()` and `pandas.TimedeltaIndex()` (GH 16344)

- `pandas.concat()` has deprecated the `join_axes`-keyword. Instead, use `DataFrame.reindex()` or `DataFrame.reindex_like()` on the result or on the inputs (GH 21951)

- The `SparseArray.values` attribute is deprecated. You can use `np.asarray(...)` or the `SparseArray.to_dense()` method instead (GH 26421).

- The functions `pandas.to_datetime()` and `pandas.to_timedelta()` have deprecated the `box` keyword. Instead, use `to_numpy()` or `Timestamp.to_datetime64()` or `Timedelta.to_timedelta64()`. (GH 24416)

- The `DataFrame.compound()` and `Series.compound()` methods are deprecated and will be removed in a future version (GH 26405).

- The internal attributes `_start`, `_stop` and `_step` attributes of `RangeIndex` have been deprecated. Use the public attributes `start`, `stop` and `step` instead (GH 26581).

- The `Series.ftype()`, `Series.ftypes()` and `DataFrame.ftypes()` methods are deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instead, use `Series.dtype()` and `DataFrame.dtypes()` (GH 26705).

- The `Series.get_values()`, `DataFrame.get_values()`, `Index.get_values()`, `SparseArray.get_values()` and `Categorical.get_values()` methods are deprecated. One of `np.asarray(..)` or `to_numpy()` can be used instead (GH 19617).

- The ‘outer’ method on NumPy ufuncs, e.g. `np.subtract.outer` has been deprecated on `Series` objects. Convert the input to an array with `Series.array` first (GH 27186)

- `Timedelta.resolution()` is deprecated and replaced with `Timedelta.resolution_string()`. In a future version, `Timedelta.resolution()` will be changed to behave like the standard library `datetime.timedelta.resolution` (GH 21344)

- `read_table()` has been undeprecated. (GH 25220)

- `Index.dtype_str` is deprecated. (GH 18262)

- `Series.imag` and `Series.real` are deprecated. (GH 18262)

- `Series.put()` is deprecated. (GH 18262)

- `Index.item()` and `Series.item()` is deprecated. (GH 18262)

- The default value `ordered=None` in `CategoricalDtype` has been deprecated in favor of `ordered=False`. When converting between categorical types `ordered=True` must be explicitly passed in order to be preserved. (GH 26336)

- `Index.contains()` is deprecated. Use `key in index` (`__contains__`) instead (GH 17753).

- `DataFrame.get_dtype_counts()` is deprecated. (GH 18262)

- `Categorical.ravel()` will return a `Categorical` instead of a `np.ndarray` (GH 27199)

## Removal of prior version deprecations/changes

- Removed `Panel` (GH 25047, GH 25191, GH 25231)

- Removed the previously deprecated `sheetname` keyword in `read_excel()` (GH 16442, GH 20938)

- Removed the previously deprecated `TimeGrouper` (GH 16942)

- Removed the previously deprecated `parse_cols` keyword in `read_excel()` (GH 16488)

- Removed the previously deprecated `pd.options.html.border` (GH 16970)

- Removed the previously deprecated `convert_objects` (GH 11221)

- Removed the previously deprecated `select` method of `DataFrame` and `Series` (GH 17633)

- Removed the previously deprecated behavior of `Series` treated as list-like in `rename_categories()` (GH 17982)

- Removed the previously deprecated `DataFrame.reindex_axis` and `Series.reindex_axis` (GH 17842)

- Removed the previously deprecated behavior of altering column or index labels with `Series.rename_axis()` or `DataFrame.rename_axis()` (GH 17842)

- Removed the previously deprecated `tupleize_cols` keyword argument in `read_html()`, `read_csv()`, and `DataFrame.to_csv()` (GH 17877, GH 17820)

- Removed the previously deprecated `DataFrame.from.csv` and `Series.from_csv` (GH 17812)

- Removed the previously deprecated `raise_on_error` keyword argument in `DataFrame.where()` and `DataFrame.mask()` (GH 17744)

- Removed the previously deprecated `ordered` and `categories` keyword arguments in `astype` (GH 17742)

- Removed the previously deprecated `cdate_range` (GH 17691)

- Removed the previously deprecated `True` option for the `dropna` keyword argument in `SeriesGroupBy.nth()` (GH 17493)

- Removed the previously deprecated `convert` keyword argument in `Series.take()` and `DataFrame.take()` (GH 17352)

- Removed the previously deprecated behavior of arithmetic operations with `datetime.date` objects (GH 21152)

## Performance improvements

- Significant speedup in `SparseArray` initialization that benefits most operations, fixing performance regression introduced in v0.20.0 (GH 24985)

- `DataFrame.to_stata()` is now faster when outputting data with any string or non-native endian columns (GH 25045)

- Improved performance of `Series.searchsorted()`. The speedup is especially large when the dtype is int8/int16/int32 and the searched key is within the integer bounds for the dtype (GH 22034)

- Improved performance of `GroupBy.quantile()` (GH 20405)

- Improved performance of slicing and other selected operation on a `RangeIndex` (GH 26565, GH 26617, GH 26722)

- `RangeIndex` now performs standard lookup without instantiating an actual hashtable, hence saving memory (GH 16685)

- Improved performance of `read_csv()` by faster tokenizing and faster parsing of small float numbers (GH 25784)

- Improved performance of `read_csv()` by faster parsing of N/A and boolean values (GH 25804)

- Improved performance of `IntervalIndex.is_monotonic`, `IntervalIndex.is_monotonic_increasing` and `IntervalIndex.is_monotonic_decreasing` by removing conversion to `MultiIndex` (GH 24813)

- Improved performance of `DataFrame.to_csv()` when writing datetime dtypes (GH 25708)

- Improved performance of `read_csv()` by much faster parsing of `MM/YYYY` and `DD/MM/YYYY` datetime formats (GH 25922)

- Improved performance of nanops for dtypes that cannot store NaNs. Speedup is particularly prominent for `Series.all()` and `Series.any()` (GH 25070)

- Improved performance of `Series.map()` for dictionary mappers on categorical series by mapping the categories instead of mapping all values (GH 23785)

- Improved performance of `IntervalIndex.intersection()` (GH 24813)

- Improved performance of `read_csv()` by faster concatenating date columns without extra conversion to string for integer/float zero and float `NaN`; by faster checking the string for the possibility of being a date (GH 25754)

- Improved performance of `IntervalIndex.is_unique` by removing conversion to `MultiIndex` (GH 24813)

- Restored performance of `DatetimeIndex.__iter__()` by re-enabling specialized code path (GH 26702)

- Improved performance when building `MultiIndex` with at least one `CategoricalIndex` level (GH 22044)

- Improved performance by removing the need for a garbage collect when checking for `SettingWithCopyWarning` (GH 27031)

- For `to_datetime()` changed default value of cache parameter to `True` (GH 26043)

- Improved performance of `DatetimeIndex` and `PeriodIndex` slicing given non-unique, monotonic data (GH 27136).

- Improved performance of `pd.read_json()` for index-oriented data. (GH 26773)

- Improved performance of `MultiIndex.shape()` (GH 27384).

## Bug fixes

### Categorical

- Bug in `DataFrame.at()` and `Series.at()` that would raise exception if the index was a `CategoricalIndex` (GH 20629)

- Fixed bug in comparison of ordered `Categorical` that contained missing values with a scalar which sometimes incorrectly resulted in `True` (GH 26504)

- Bug in `DataFrame.dropna()` when the `DataFrame` has a `CategoricalIndex` containing `Interval` objects incorrectly raised a `TypeError` (GH 25087)

### Datetimelike

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which would raise an (incorrect) `ValueError` when called with a date far into the future and the `format` argument specified instead of raising `OutOfBoundsDatetime` (GH 23830)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which would raise `InvalidIndexError: Reindexing only valid with uniquely valued Index objects` when called with `cache=True`, with `arg` including at least two different elements from the set `{None, numpy.nan, pandas.NaT}` (GH 22305)

- Bug in `DataFrame` and `Series` where timezone aware data with `dtype='datetime64[ns]` was not cast to naive (GH 25843)

- Improved `Timestamp` type checking in various datetime functions to prevent exceptions when using a subclassed `datetime` (GH 25851)

- Bug in `Series` and `DataFrame` repr where `np.datetime64('NaT')` and `np.timedelta64('NaT')` with `dtype=object` would be represented as `NaN` (GH 25445)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which does not replace the invalid argument with `NaT` when error is set to coerce (GH 26122)

- Bug in adding `DateOffset` with nonzero month to `DatetimeIndex` would raise `ValueError` (GH 26258)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which raises unhandled `OverflowError` when called with mix of invalid dates and `NaN` values with `format='%Y%m%d'` and `error='coerce'` (GH 25512)

- Bug in `isin()` for datetimelike indexes; `DatetimeIndex`, `TimedeltaIndex` and `PeriodIndex` where the `levels` parameter was ignored. (GH 26675)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which raises `TypeError` for `format='%Y%m%d'` when called for invalid integer dates with length >= 6 digits with `errors='ignore'`

- Bug when comparing a `PeriodIndex` against a zero-dimensional numpy array (GH 26689)

- Bug in constructing a `Series` or `DataFrame` from a numpy `datetime64` array with a non-ns unit and out-of-bound timestamps generating rubbish data, which will now correctly raise an `OutOfBoundsDatetime` error (GH 26206).

- Bug in `date_range()` with unnecessary `OverflowError` being raised for very large or very small dates (GH 26651)

- Bug where adding `Timestamp` to a `np.timedelta64` object would raise instead of returning a `Timestamp` (GH 24775)

- Bug where comparing a zero-dimensional numpy array containing a `np.datetime64` object to a `Timestamp` would incorrect raise `TypeError` (GH 26916)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` which would raise `ValueError: Tz-aware datetime.datetime cannot be converted to datetime64 unless utc=True` when called with `cache=True`, with `arg` including datetime strings with different offset (GH 26097)

### Timedelta

- Bug in `TimedeltaIndex.intersection()` where for non-monotonic indices in some cases an empty `Index` was returned when in fact an intersection existed (GH 25913)

- Bug with comparisons between `Timedelta` and `NaT` raising `TypeError` (GH 26039)

- Bug when adding or subtracting a `BusinessHour` to a `Timestamp` with the resulting time landing in a following or prior day respectively (GH 26381)

- Bug when comparing a `TimedeltaIndex` against a zero-dimensional numpy array (GH 26689)

### Timezones

- Bug in `DatetimeIndex.to_frame()` where timezone aware data would be converted to timezone naive data (GH 25809)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` with `utc=True` and datetime strings that would apply previously parsed UTC offsets to subsequent arguments (GH 24992)

- Bug in `Timestamp.tz_localize()` and `Timestamp.tz_convert()` does not propagate `freq` (GH 25241)

- Bug in `Series.at()` where setting `Timestamp` with timezone raises `TypeError` (GH 25506)

- Bug in `DataFrame.update()` when updating with timezone aware data would return timezone naive data (GH 25807)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` where an uninformative `RuntimeError` was raised when passing a naive `Timestamp` with datetime strings with mixed UTC offsets (GH 25978)

- Bug in `to_datetime()` with `unit='ns'` would drop timezone information from the parsed argument (GH 26168)

- Bug in `DataFrame.join()` where joining a timezone aware index with a timezone aware column would result in a column of `NaN` (GH 26335)

- Bug in `date_range()` where ambiguous or nonexistent start or end times were not handled by the `ambiguous` or `nonexistent` keywords respectively (GH 27088)

- Bug in `DatetimeIndex.union()` when combining a timezone aware and timezone unaware `DatetimeIndex` (GH 21671)

- Bug when applying a numpy reduction function (e.g. `numpy.minimum()`) to a timezone aware `Series` (GH 15552)

### Numeric

- Bug in `to_numeric()` in which large negative numbers were being improperly handled (GH 24910)

- Bug in `to_numeric()` in which numbers were being coerced to float, even though `errors` was not `coerce` (GH 24910)

- Bug in `to_numeric()` in which invalid values for `errors` were being allowed (GH 26466)

- Bug in `format` in which floating point complex numbers were not being formatted to proper display precision and trimming (GH 25514)

- Bug in error messages in `DataFrame.corr()` and `Series.corr()`. Added the possibility of using a callable. (GH 25729)

- Bug in `Series.divmod()` and `Series.rdivmod()` which would raise an (incorrect) `ValueError` rather than return a pair of `Series` objects as result (GH 25557)

- Raises a helpful exception when a non-numeric index is sent to `interpolate()` with methods which require numeric index. (GH 21662)

- Bug in `eval()` when comparing floats with scalar operators, for example: `x < -0.1` (GH 25928)

- Fixed bug where casting all-boolean array to integer extension array failed (GH 25211)

- Bug in `divmod` with a `Series` object containing zeros incorrectly raising `AttributeError` (GH 26987)

- Inconsistency in `Series` floor-division (//) and `divmod` filling positive//zero with `NaN` instead of `Inf` (GH 27321)

### Conversion

- Bug in `DataFrame.astype()` when passing a dict of columns and types the `errors` parameter was ignored. (GH 25905)

### Strings

- Bug in the `__name__` attribute of several methods of `Series.str`, which were set incorrectly (GH 23551)

- Improved error message when passing `Series` of wrong dtype to `Series.str.cat()` (GH 22722)

### Interval

- Construction of `Interval` is restricted to numeric, `Timestamp` and `Timedelta` endpoints (GH 23013)

- Fixed bug in `Series`/`DataFrame` not displaying `NaN` in `IntervalIndex` with missing values (GH 25984)

- Bug in `IntervalIndex.get_loc()` where a `KeyError` would be incorrectly raised for a decreasing `IntervalIndex` (GH 25860)

- Bug in `Index` constructor where passing mixed closed `Interval` objects would result in a `ValueError` instead of an `object` dtype `Index` (GH 27172)

### Indexing

- Improved exception message when calling `DataFrame.iloc()` with a list of non-numeric objects (GH 25753).

- Improved exception message when calling `.iloc` or `.loc` with a boolean indexer with different length (GH 26658).

- Bug in `KeyError` exception message when indexing a `MultiIndex` with a non-existent key not displaying the original key (GH 27250).

- Bug in `.iloc` and `.loc` with a boolean indexer not raising an `IndexError` when too few items are passed (GH 26658).

- Bug in `DataFrame.loc()` and `Series.loc()` where `KeyError` was not raised for a `MultiIndex` when the key was less than or equal to the number of levels in the `MultiIndex` (GH 14885).

- Bug in which `DataFrame.append()` produced an erroneous warning indicating that a `KeyError` will be thrown in the future when the data to be appended contains new columns (GH 22252).

- Bug in which `DataFrame.to_csv()` caused a segfault for a reindexed data frame, when the indices were single-level `MultiIndex` (GH 26303).

- Fixed bug where assigning a `arrays.PandasArray` to a `DataFrame` would raise error (GH 26390)

- Allow keyword arguments for callable local reference used in the `DataFrame.query()` string (GH 26426)

- Fixed a `KeyError` when indexing a `MultiIndex` level with a list containing exactly one label, which is missing (GH 27148)

- Bug which produced `AttributeError` on partial matching `Timestamp` in a `MultiIndex` (GH 26944)

- Bug in `Categorical` and `CategoricalIndex` with `Interval` values when using the `in` operator (`__contains`) with objects that are not comparable to the values in the `Interval` (GH 23705)

- Bug in `DataFrame.loc()` and `DataFrame.iloc()` on a `DataFrame` with a single timezone-aware datetime64[ns] column incorrectly returning a scalar instead of a `Series` (GH 27110)

- Bug in `CategoricalIndex` and `Categorical` incorrectly raising `ValueError` instead of `TypeError` when a list is passed using the `in` operator (`__contains__`) (GH 21729)

- Bug in setting a new value in a `Series` with a `Timedelta` object incorrectly casting the value to an integer (GH 22717)

- Bug in `Series` setting a new key (`__setitem__`) with a timezone-aware datetime incorrectly raising `ValueError` (GH 12862)

- Bug in `DataFrame.iloc()` when indexing with a read-only indexer (GH 17192)

- Bug in `Series` setting an existing tuple key (`__setitem__`) with timezone-aware datetime values incorrectly raising `TypeError` (GH 20441)

### Missing

- Fixed misleading exception message in `Series.interpolate()` if argument `order` is required, but omitted (GH 10633, GH 24014).

- Fixed class type displayed in exception message in `DataFrame.dropna()` if invalid `axis` parameter passed (GH 25555)

- A `ValueError` will now be thrown by `DataFrame.fillna()` when `limit` is not a positive integer (GH 27042)

### MultiIndex

- Bug in which incorrect exception raised by `Timedelta` when testing the membership of `MultiIndex` (GH 24570)

### IO

- Bug in `DataFrame.to_html()` where values were truncated using display options instead of outputting the full content (GH 17004)

- Fixed bug in missing text when using `to_clipboard()` if copying utf-16 characters in Python 3 on Windows (GH 25040)

- Bug in `read_json()` for `orient='table'` when it tries to infer dtypes by default, which is not applicable as dtypes are already defined in the JSON schema (GH 21345)

- Bug in `read_json()` for `orient='table'` and float index, as it infers index dtype by default, which is not applicable because index dtype is already defined in the JSON schema (GH 25433)

- Bug in `read_json()` for `orient='table'` and string of float column names, as it makes a column name type conversion to `Timestamp`, which is not applicable because column names are already defined in the JSON schema (GH 25435)

- Bug in `json_normalize()` for `errors='ignore'` where missing values in the input data, were filled in resulting `DataFrame` with the string `"nan"` instead of `numpy.nan` (GH 25468)

- `DataFrame.to_html()` now raises `TypeError` when using an invalid type for the `classes` parameter instead of `AssertionError` (GH 25608)

- Bug in `DataFrame.to_string()` and `DataFrame.to_latex()` that would lead to incorrect output when the `header` keyword is used (GH 16718)

- Bug in `read_csv()` not properly interpreting the UTF8 encoded filenames on Windows on Python 3.6+ (GH 15086)

- Improved performance in `pandas.read_stata()` and `pandas.io.stata.StataReader` when converting columns that have missing values (GH 25772)

- Bug in `DataFrame.to_html()` where header numbers would ignore display options when rounding (GH 17280)

- Bug in `read_hdf()` where reading a table from an HDF5 file written directly with PyTables fails with a `ValueError` when using a sub-selection via the `start` or `stop` arguments (GH 11188)

- Bug in `read_hdf()` not properly closing store after a `KeyError` is raised (GH 25766)

- Improved the explanation for the failure when value labels are repeated in Stata dta files and suggested work-arounds (GH 25772)

- Improved `pandas.read_stata()` and `pandas.io.stata.StataReader` to read incorrectly formatted 118 format files saved by Stata (GH 25960)

- Improved the `col_space` parameter in `DataFrame.to_html()` to accept a string so CSS length values can be set correctly (GH 25941)

- Fixed bug in loading objects from S3 that contain `#` characters in the URL (GH 25945)

- Adds `use_bqstorage_api` parameter to `read_gbq()` to speed up downloads of large data frames. This feature requires version 0.10.0 of the `pandas-gbq` library as well as the `google-cloud-bigquery-storage` and `fastavro` libraries. (GH 26104)

- Fixed memory leak in `DataFrame.to_json()` when dealing with numeric data (GH 24889)

- Bug in `read_json()` where date strings with `Z` were not converted to a UTC timezone (GH 26168)

- Added `cache_dates=True` parameter to `read_csv()`, which allows to cache unique dates when they are parsed (GH 25990)

- `DataFrame.to_excel()` now raises a `ValueError` when the caller’s dimensions exceed the limitations of Excel (GH 26051)

- Fixed bug in `pandas.read_csv()` where a BOM would result in incorrect parsing using engine=’python’ (GH 26545)

- `read_excel()` now raises a `ValueError` when input is of type `pandas.io.excel.ExcelFile` and `engine` param is passed since `pandas.io.excel.ExcelFile` has an engine defined (GH 26566)

- Bug while selecting from `HDFStore` with `where=''` specified (GH 26610).

- Fixed bug in `DataFrame.to_excel()` where custom objects (i.e. `PeriodIndex`) inside merged cells were not being converted into types safe for the Excel writer (GH 27006)

- Bug in `read_hdf()` where reading a timezone aware `DatetimeIndex` would raise a `TypeError` (GH 11926)

- Bug in `to_msgpack()` and `read_msgpack()` which would raise a `ValueError` rather than a `FileNotFoundError` for an invalid path (GH 27160)

- Fixed bug in `DataFrame.to_parquet()` which would raise a `ValueError` when the dataframe had no columns (GH 27339)

- Allow parsing of `PeriodDtype` columns when using `read_csv()` (GH 26934)

### Plotting

- Fixed bug where `api.extensions.ExtensionArray` could not be used in matplotlib plotting (GH 25587)

- Bug in an error message in `DataFrame.plot()`. Improved the error message if non-numerics are passed to `DataFrame.plot()` (GH 25481)

- Bug in incorrect ticklabel positions when plotting an index that are non-numeric / non-datetime (GH 7612, GH 15912, GH 22334)

- Fixed bug causing plots of `PeriodIndex` timeseries to fail if the frequency is a multiple of the frequency rule code (GH 14763)

- Fixed bug when plotting a `DatetimeIndex` with `datetime.timezone.utc` timezone (GH 17173)

### GroupBy/resample/rolling

- Bug in `Resampler.agg()` with a timezone aware index where `OverflowError` would raise when passing a list of functions (GH 22660)

- Bug in `DataFrameGroupBy.nunique()` in which the names of column levels were lost (GH 23222)

- Bug in `GroupBy.agg()` when applying an aggregation function to timezone aware data (GH 23683)

- Bug in `GroupBy.first()` and `GroupBy.last()` where timezone information would be dropped (GH 21603)

- Bug in `GroupBy.size()` when grouping only NA values (GH 23050)

- Bug in `Series.groupby()` where `observed` kwarg was previously ignored (GH 24880)

- Bug in `Series.groupby()` where using `groupby` with a `MultiIndex` Series with a list of labels equal to the length of the series caused incorrect grouping (GH 25704)

- Ensured that ordering of outputs in `groupby` aggregation functions is consistent across all versions of Python (GH 25692)

- Ensured that result group order is correct when grouping on an ordered `Categorical` and specifying `observed=True` (GH 25871, GH 25167)

- Bug in `Rolling.min()` and `Rolling.max()` that caused a memory leak (GH 25893)

- Bug in `Rolling.count()` and `.Expanding.count` was previously ignoring the `axis` keyword (GH 13503)

- Bug in `GroupBy.idxmax()` and `GroupBy.idxmin()` with datetime column would return incorrect dtype (GH 25444, GH 15306)

- Bug in `GroupBy.cumsum()`, `GroupBy.cumprod()`, `GroupBy.cummin()` and `GroupBy.cummax()` with categorical column having absent categories, would return incorrect result or segfault (GH 16771)

- Bug in `GroupBy.nth()` where NA values in the grouping would return incorrect results (GH 26011)

- Bug in `SeriesGroupBy.transform()` where transforming an empty group would raise a `ValueError` (GH 26208)

- Bug in `DataFrame.groupby()` where passing a `Grouper` would return incorrect groups when using the `.groups` accessor (GH 26326)

- Bug in `GroupBy.agg()` where incorrect results are returned for uint64 columns. (GH 26310)

- Bug in `Rolling.median()` and `Rolling.quantile()` where MemoryError is raised with empty window (GH 26005)

- Bug in `Rolling.median()` and `Rolling.quantile()` where incorrect results are returned with `closed='left'` and `closed='neither'` (GH 26005)

- Improved `Rolling`, `Window` and `ExponentialMovingWindow` functions to exclude nuisance columns from results instead of raising errors and raise a `DataError` only if all columns are nuisance (GH 12537)

- Bug in `Rolling.max()` and `Rolling.min()` where incorrect results are returned with an empty variable window (GH 26005)

- Raise a helpful exception when an unsupported weighted window function is used as an argument of `Window.aggregate()` (GH 26597)

### Reshaping

- Bug in `pandas.merge()` adds a string of `None`, if `None` is assigned in suffixes instead of remain the column name as-is (GH 24782).

- Bug in `merge()` when merging by index name would sometimes result in an incorrectly numbered index (missing index values are now assigned NA) (GH 24212, GH 25009)

- `to_records()` now accepts dtypes to its `column_dtypes` parameter (GH 24895)

- Bug in `concat()` where order of `OrderedDict` (and `dict` in Python 3.6+) is not respected, when passed in as `objs` argument (GH 21510)

- Bug in `pivot_table()` where columns with `NaN` values are dropped even if `dropna` argument is `False`, when the `aggfunc` argument contains a `list` (GH 22159)

- Bug in `concat()` where the resulting `freq` of two `DatetimeIndex` with the same `freq` would be dropped (GH 3232).

- Bug in `merge()` where merging with equivalent Categorical dtypes was raising an error (GH 22501)

- bug in `DataFrame` instantiating with a dict of iterators or generators (e.g. `pd.DataFrame({'A': reversed(range(3))})`) raised an error (GH 26349).

- Bug in `DataFrame` instantiating with a `range` (e.g. `pd.DataFrame(range(3))`) raised an error (GH 26342).

- Bug in `DataFrame` constructor when passing non-empty tuples would cause a segmentation fault (GH 25691)

- Bug in `Series.apply()` failed when the series is a timezone aware `DatetimeIndex` (GH 25959)

- Bug in `pandas.cut()` where large bins could incorrectly raise an error due to an integer overflow (GH 26045)

- Bug in `DataFrame.sort_index()` where an error is thrown when a multi-indexed `DataFrame` is sorted on all levels with the initial level sorted last (GH 26053)

- Bug in `Series.nlargest()` treats `True` as smaller than `False` (GH 26154)

- Bug in `DataFrame.pivot_table()` with a `IntervalIndex` as pivot index would raise `TypeError` (GH 25814)

- Bug in which `DataFrame.from_dict()` ignored order of `OrderedDict` when `orient='index'` (GH 8425).

- Bug in `DataFrame.transpose()` where transposing a DataFrame with a timezone-aware datetime column would incorrectly raise `ValueError` (GH 26825)

- Bug in `pivot_table()` when pivoting a timezone aware column as the `values` would remove timezone information (GH 14948)

- Bug in `merge_asof()` when specifying multiple `by` columns where one is `datetime64[ns, tz]` dtype (GH 26649)

### Sparse

- Significant speedup in `SparseArray` initialization that benefits most operations, fixing performance regression introduced in v0.20.0 (GH 24985)

- Bug in `SparseFrame` constructor where passing `None` as the data would cause `default_fill_value` to be ignored (GH 16807)

- Bug in `SparseDataFrame` when adding a column in which the length of values does not match length of index, `AssertionError` is raised instead of raising `ValueError` (GH 25484)

- Introduce a better error message in `Series.sparse.from_coo()` so it returns a `TypeError` for inputs that are not coo matrices (GH 26554)

- Bug in `numpy.modf()` on a `SparseArray`. Now a tuple of `SparseArray` is returned (GH 26946).

### Build changes

- Fix install error with PyPy on macOS (GH 26536)

### ExtensionArray

- Bug in `factorize()` when passing an `ExtensionArray` with a custom `na_sentinel` (GH 25696).

- `Series.count()` miscounts NA values in ExtensionArrays (GH 26835)

- Added `Series.__array_ufunc__` to better handle NumPy ufuncs applied to Series backed by extension arrays (GH 23293).

- Keyword argument `deep` has been removed from `ExtensionArray.copy()` (GH 27083)

### Other

- Removed unused C functions from vendored UltraJSON implementation (GH 26198)

- Allow `Index` and `RangeIndex` to be passed to numpy `min` and `max` functions (GH 26125)

- Use actual class name in repr of empty objects of a `Series` subclass (GH 27001).

- Bug in `DataFrame` where passing an object array of timezone-aware `datetime` objects would incorrectly raise `ValueError` (GH 13287)

## Contributors

A total of 231 people contributed patches to this release. People with a “+” by their names contributed a patch for the first time.

- 1_x7 +

- Abdullah İhsan Seçer +

- Adam Bull +

- Adam Hooper

- Albert Villanova del Moral

- Alex Watt +

- AlexTereshenkov +

- Alexander Buchkovsky

- Alexander Hendorf +

- Alexander Nordin +

- Alexander Ponomaroff

- Alexandre Batisse +

- Alexandre Decan +

- Allen Downey +

- Alyssa Fu Ward +

- Andrew Gaspari +

- Andrew Wood +

- Antoine Viscardi +

- Antonio Gutierrez +

- Arno Veenstra +

- ArtinSarraf

- Batalex +

- Baurzhan Muftakhidinov

- Benjamin Rowell

- Bharat Raghunathan +

- Bhavani Ravi +

- Big Head +

- Brett Randall +

- Bryan Cutler +

- C John Klehm +

- Caleb Braun +

- Cecilia +

- Chris Bertinato +

- Chris Stadler +

- Christian Haege +

- Christian Hudon

- Christopher Whelan

- Chuanzhu Xu +

- Clemens Brunner

- Damian Kula +

- Daniel Hrisca +

- Daniel Luis Costa +

- Daniel Saxton

- DanielFEvans +

- David Liu +

- Deepyaman Datta +

- Denis Belavin +

- Devin Petersohn +

- Diane Trout +

- EdAbati +

- Enrico Rotundo +

- EternalLearner42 +

- Evan +

- Evan Livelo +

- Fabian Rost +

- Flavien Lambert +

- Florian Rathgeber +

- Frank Hoang +

- Gaibo Zhang +

- Gioia Ballin

- Giuseppe Romagnuolo +

- Gordon Blackadder +

- Gregory Rome +

- Guillaume Gay

- HHest +

- Hielke Walinga +

- How Si Wei +

- Hubert

- Huize Wang +

- Hyukjin Kwon +

- Ian Dunn +

- Inevitable-Marzipan +

- Irv Lustig

- JElfner +

- Jacob Bundgaard +

- James Cobon-Kerr +

- Jan-Philip Gehrcke +

- Jarrod Millman +

- Jayanth Katuri +

- Jeff Reback

- Jeremy Schendel

- Jiang Yue +

- Joel Ostblom

- Johan von Forstner +

- Johnny Chiu +

- Jonas +

- Jonathon Vandezande +

- Jop Vermeer +

- Joris Van den Bossche

- Josh

- Josh Friedlander +

- Justin Zheng

- Kaiqi Dong

- Kane +

- Kapil Patel +

- Kara de la Marck +

- Katherine Surta +

- Katrin Leinweber +

- Kendall Masse

- Kevin Sheppard

- Kyle Kosic +

- Lorenzo Stella +

- Maarten Rietbergen +

- Mak Sze Chun

- Marc Garcia

- Mateusz Woś

- Matias Heikkilä

- Mats Maiwald +

- Matthew Roeschke

- Max Bolingbroke +

- Max Kovalovs +

- Max van Deursen +

- Michael

- Michael Davis +

- Michael P. Moran +

- Mike Cramblett +

- Min ho Kim +

- Misha Veldhoen +

- Mukul Ashwath Ram +

- MusTheDataGuy +

- Nanda H Krishna +

- Nicholas Musolino

- Noam Hershtig +

- Noora Husseini +

- Paul

- Paul Reidy

- Pauli Virtanen

- Pav A +

- Peter Leimbigler +

- Philippe Ombredanne +

- Pietro Battiston

- Richard Eames +

- Roman Yurchak

- Ruijing Li

- Ryan

- Ryan Joyce +

- Ryan Nazareth

- Ryan Rehman +

- Sakar Panta +

- Samuel Sinayoko

- Sandeep Pathak +

- Sangwoong Yoon

- Saurav Chakravorty

- Scott Talbert +

- Sergey Kopylov +

- Shantanu Gontia +

- Shivam Rana +

- Shorokhov Sergey +

- Simon Hawkins

- Soyoun(Rose) Kim

- Stephan Hoyer

- Stephen Cowley +

- Stephen Rauch

- Sterling Paramore +

- Steven +

- Stijn Van Hoey

- Sumanau Sareen +

- Takuya N +

- Tan Tran +

- Tao He +

- Tarbo Fukazawa

- Terji Petersen +

- Thein Oo

- ThibTrip +

- Thijs Damsma +

- Thiviyan Thanapalasingam

- Thomas A Caswell

- Thomas Kluiters +

- Tilen Kusterle +

- Tim Gates +

- Tim Hoffmann

- Tim Swast

- Tom Augspurger

- Tom Neep +

- Tomáš Chvátal +

- Tyler Reddy

- Vaibhav Vishal +

- Vasily Litvinov +

- Vibhu Agarwal +

- Vikramjeet Das +

- Vladislav +

- Víctor Moron Tejero +

- Wenhuan

- Will Ayd +

- William Ayd

- Wouter De Coster +

- Yoann Goular +

- Zach Angell +

- alimcmaster1

- anmyachev +

- chris-b1

- danielplawrence +

- endenis +

- enisnazif +

- ezcitron +

- fjetter

- froessler

- gfyoung

- gwrome +

- h-vetinari

- haison +

- hannah-c +

- heckeop +

- iamshwin +

- jamesoliverh +

- jbrockmendel

- jkovacevic +

- killerontherun1 +

- knuu +

- kpapdac +

- kpflugshaupt +

- krsnik93 +

- leerssej +

- lrjball +

- mazayo +

- nathalier +

- nrebena +

- nullptr +

- pilkibun +

- pmaxey83 +

- rbenes +

- robbuckley

- shawnbrown +

- sudhir mohanraj +

- tadeja +

- tamuhey +

- thatneat

- topper-123

- willweil +

- yehia67 +

- yhaque1213 +