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# pandas.DataFrame.boxplot

DataFrame.boxplot(column=None, by=None, ax=None, fontsize=None, rot=0, grid=True, figsize=None, layout=None, return_type=None, backend=None, **kwargs)

  Make a box plot from DataFrame columns.

  Make a box-and-whisker plot from DataFrame columns, optionally grouped by some other columns. A box plot is a method for graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles. The box extends from the Q1 to Q3 quartile values of the data, with a line at the median (Q2). The whiskers extend from the edges of box to show the range of the data. By default, they extend no more than 1.5 * IQR (IQR = Q3 - Q1) from the edges of the box, ending at the farthest data point within that interval. Outliers are plotted as separate dots.

  For further details see Wikipedia’s entry for boxplot.

  Parameters:
    column str or list of str, optional

      Column name or list of names, or vector. Can be any valid input to `pandas.DataFrame.groupby()`.

    by str or array-like, optional

      Column in the DataFrame to `pandas.DataFrame.groupby()`. One box-plot will be done per value of columns in by.

    ax object of class matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional

      The matplotlib axes to be used by boxplot.

    fontsize float or str

      Tick label font size in points or as a string (e.g., large).

    rot float, default 0

      The rotation angle of labels (in degrees) with respect to the screen coordinate system.

    grid bool, default True

      Setting this to True will show the grid.

    figsize A tuple (width, height) in inches

      The size of the figure to create in matplotlib.

    layout tuple (rows, columns), optional

      For example, (3, 5) will display the subplots using 3 rows and 5 columns, starting from the top-left.

    return_type{‘axes’, ‘dict’, ‘both’} or None, default ‘axes’

      The kind of object to return. The default is `axes`.

      - ‘axes’ returns the matplotlib axes the boxplot is drawn on.

      - ‘dict’ returns a dictionary whose values are the matplotlib lines of the boxplot.

      - ‘both’ returns a namedtuple with the axes and dict.

      - when grouping with `by`, a Series mapping columns to `return_type` is returned.

      If `return_type` is None, a NumPy array of axes with the same shape as `layout` is returned.

    backend str, default None

      Backend to use instead of the backend specified in the option `plotting.backend`. For instance, ‘matplotlib’. Alternatively, to specify the `plotting.backend` for the whole session, set `pd.options.plotting.backend`.

    **kwargs

      All other plotting keyword arguments to be passed to `matplotlib.pyplot.boxplot()`.

  Returns:
    result

      See Notes.

  See also

  `Series.plot.hist`

    Make a histogram.

  `matplotlib.pyplot.boxplot`

    Matplotlib equivalent plot.

  Notes

  The return type depends on the return_type parameter:

  - ‘axes’ : object of class matplotlib.axes.Axes

  - ‘dict’ : dict of matplotlib.lines.Line2D objects

  - ‘both’ : a namedtuple with structure (ax, lines)

  For data grouped with `by`, return a Series of the above or a numpy array:

  - `Series`

  - `array` (for `return_type = None`)

  Use `return_type='dict'` when you want to tweak the appearance of the lines after plotting. In this case a dict containing the Lines making up the boxes, caps, fliers, medians, and whiskers is returned.

  Examples

  Boxplots can be created for every column in the dataframe by `df.boxplot()` or indicating the columns to be used:

      >>> np.random.seed(1234)
      >>> df = pd.DataFrame(
      ...     np.random.randn(10, 4), columns=["Col1", "Col2", "Col3", "Col4"]
      ... )
      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"])

  Boxplots of variables distributions grouped by the values of a third variable can be created using the option `by`. For instance:

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 2), columns=["Col1", "Col2"])
      >>> df["X"] = pd.Series(["A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B"])
      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(by="X")

  A list of strings (i.e. `['X', 'Y']`) can be passed to boxplot in order to group the data by combination of the variables in the x-axis:

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 3), columns=["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"])
      >>> df["X"] = pd.Series(["A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B"])
      >>> df["Y"] = pd.Series(["A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B"])
      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by=["X", "Y"])

  The layout of boxplot can be adjusted giving a tuple to `layout`:

      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by="X", layout=(2, 1))

  Additional formatting can be done to the boxplot, like suppressing the grid (`grid=False`), rotating the labels in the x-axis (i.e. `rot=45`) or changing the fontsize (i.e. `fontsize=15`):

      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(grid=False, rot=45, fontsize=15)

  The parameter `return_type` can be used to select the type of element returned by boxplot. When `return_type='axes'` is selected, the matplotlib axes on which the boxplot is drawn are returned:

      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], return_type="axes")
      >>> type(boxplot)
      <class 'matplotlib.axes._axes.Axes'>

  When grouping with `by`, a Series mapping columns to `return_type` is returned:

      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by="X", return_type="axes")
      >>> type(boxplot)
      <class 'pandas.Series'>

  If `return_type` is None, a NumPy array of axes with the same shape as `layout` is returned:

      >>> boxplot = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by="X", return_type=None)
      >>> type(boxplot)
      <class 'numpy.ndarray'>