Group By: split-apply-combine¶
By “group by” we are referring to a process involving one or more of the following steps:
- Splitting the data into groups based on some criteria.
- Applying a function to each group independently.
- Combining the results into a data structure.
Out of these, the split step is the most straightforward. In fact, in many situations we may wish to split the data set into groups and do something with those groups. In the apply step, we might wish to one of the following:
Aggregation: compute a summary statistic (or statistics) for each group. Some examples:
- Compute group sums or means.
- Compute group sizes / counts.
Transformation: perform some group-specific computations and return a like-indexed object. Some examples:
- Standardize data (zscore) within a group.
- Filling NAs within groups with a value derived from each group.
Filtration: discard some groups, according to a group-wise computation that evaluates True or False. Some examples:
- Discard data that belongs to groups with only a few members.
- Filter out data based on the group sum or mean.
Some combination of the above: GroupBy will examine the results of the apply step and try to return a sensibly combined result if it doesn’t fit into either of the above two categories.
Since the set of object instance methods on pandas data structures are generally
rich and expressive, we often simply want to invoke, say, a DataFrame function
on each group. The name GroupBy should be quite familiar to those who have used
a SQL-based tool (or itertools), in which you can write code like:
SELECT Column1, Column2, mean(Column3), sum(Column4)
FROM SomeTable
GROUP BY Column1, Column2
We aim to make operations like this natural and easy to express using pandas. We’ll address each area of GroupBy functionality then provide some non-trivial examples / use cases.
See the cookbook for some advanced strategies.
Splitting an object into groups¶
pandas objects can be split on any of their axes. The abstract definition of grouping is to provide a mapping of labels to group names. To create a GroupBy object (more on what the GroupBy object is later), you may do the following:
# default is axis=0
>>> grouped = obj.groupby(key)
>>> grouped = obj.groupby(key, axis=1)
>>> grouped = obj.groupby([key1, key2])
The mapping can be specified many different ways:
- A Python function, to be called on each of the axis labels.
- A list or NumPy array of the same length as the selected axis.
- A dict or
Series, providing alabel -> group namemapping.- For
DataFrameobjects, a string indicating a column to be used to group. Of coursedf.groupby('A')is just syntactic sugar fordf.groupby(df['A']), but it makes life simpler.- For
DataFrameobjects, a string indicating an index level to be used to group.- A list of any of the above things.
Collectively we refer to the grouping objects as the keys. For example,
consider the following DataFrame:
Note
New in version 0.20.
A string passed to groupby may refer to either a column or an index level.
If a string matches both a column name and an index level name then a warning is
issued and the column takes precedence. This will result in an ambiguity error
in a future version.
In [1]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
...: 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
...: 'B' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
...: 'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
...: 'C' : np.random.randn(8),
...: 'D' : np.random.randn(8)})
...:
In [2]: df
Out[2]:
A B C D
0 foo one 0.469112 -0.861849
1 bar one -0.282863 -2.104569
2 foo two -1.509059 -0.494929
3 bar three -1.135632 1.071804
4 foo two 1.212112 0.721555
5 bar two -0.173215 -0.706771
6 foo one 0.119209 -1.039575
7 foo three -1.044236 0.271860
On a DataFrame, we obtain a GroupBy object by calling groupby().
We could naturally group by either the A or B columns, or both:
In [3]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
In [4]: grouped = df.groupby(['A', 'B'])
These will split the DataFrame on its index (rows). We could also split by the columns:
In [5]: def get_letter_type(letter):
...: if letter.lower() in 'aeiou':
...: return 'vowel'
...: else:
...: return 'consonant'
...:
In [6]: grouped = df.groupby(get_letter_type, axis=1)
pandas Index objects support duplicate values. If a
non-unique index is used as the group key in a groupby operation, all values
for the same index value will be considered to be in one group and thus the
output of aggregation functions will only contain unique index values:
In [7]: lst = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
In [8]: s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30], lst)
In [9]: grouped = s.groupby(level=0)
In [10]: grouped.first()
Out[10]:
1 1
2 2
3 3
dtype: int64
In [11]: grouped.last()
Out[11]:
1 10
2 20
3 30
dtype: int64
In [12]: grouped.sum()
Out[12]:
1 11
2 22
3 33
dtype: int64
Note that no splitting occurs until it’s needed. Creating the GroupBy object only verifies that you’ve passed a valid mapping.
Note
Many kinds of complicated data manipulations can be expressed in terms of GroupBy operations (though can’t be guaranteed to be the most efficient). You can get quite creative with the label mapping functions.
GroupBy sorting¶
By default the group keys are sorted during the groupby operation. You may however pass sort=False for potential speedups:
In [13]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'X' : ['B', 'B', 'A', 'A'], 'Y' : [1, 2, 3, 4]})
In [14]: df2.groupby(['X']).sum()
Out[14]:
Y
X
A 7
B 3
In [15]: df2.groupby(['X'], sort=False).sum()
Out[15]:
Y
X
B 3
A 7
Note that groupby will preserve the order in which observations are sorted within each group.
For example, the groups created by groupby() below are in the order they appeared in the original DataFrame:
In [16]: df3 = pd.DataFrame({'X' : ['A', 'B', 'A', 'B'], 'Y' : [1, 4, 3, 2]})
In [17]: df3.groupby(['X']).get_group('A')
Out[17]:
X Y
0 A 1
2 A 3
In [18]: df3.groupby(['X']).get_group('B')
Out[18]:
X Y
1 B 4
3 B 2
GroupBy object attributes¶
The groups attribute is a dict whose keys are the computed unique groups
and corresponding values being the axis labels belonging to each group. In the
above example we have:
In [19]: df.groupby('A').groups
Out[19]:
{'bar': Int64Index([1, 3, 5], dtype='int64'),
'foo': Int64Index([0, 2, 4, 6, 7], dtype='int64')}
In [20]: df.groupby(get_letter_type, axis=1).groups
Out[20]:
{'consonant': Index(['B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object'),
'vowel': Index(['A'], dtype='object')}
Calling the standard Python len function on the GroupBy object just returns
the length of the groups dict, so it is largely just a convenience:
In [21]: grouped = df.groupby(['A', 'B'])
In [22]: grouped.groups
Out[22]:
{('bar', 'one'): Int64Index([1], dtype='int64'),
('bar', 'three'): Int64Index([3], dtype='int64'),
('bar', 'two'): Int64Index([5], dtype='int64'),
('foo', 'one'): Int64Index([0, 6], dtype='int64'),
('foo', 'three'): Int64Index([7], dtype='int64'),
('foo', 'two'): Int64Index([2, 4], dtype='int64')}
In [23]: len(grouped)
Out[23]: 6
GroupBy will tab complete column names (and other attributes):
In [24]: df
Out[24]:
height weight gender
2000-01-01 42.849980 157.500553 male
2000-01-02 49.607315 177.340407 male
2000-01-03 56.293531 171.524640 male
2000-01-04 48.421077 144.251986 female
2000-01-05 46.556882 152.526206 male
2000-01-06 68.448851 168.272968 female
2000-01-07 70.757698 136.431469 male
2000-01-08 58.909500 176.499753 female
2000-01-09 76.435631 174.094104 female
2000-01-10 45.306120 177.540920 male
In [25]: gb = df.groupby('gender')
In [26]: gb.<TAB>
gb.agg gb.boxplot gb.cummin gb.describe gb.filter gb.get_group gb.height gb.last gb.median gb.ngroups gb.plot gb.rank gb.std gb.transform
gb.aggregate gb.count gb.cumprod gb.dtype gb.first gb.groups gb.hist gb.max gb.min gb.nth gb.prod gb.resample gb.sum gb.var
gb.apply gb.cummax gb.cumsum gb.fillna gb.gender gb.head gb.indices gb.mean gb.name gb.ohlc gb.quantile gb.size gb.tail gb.weight
GroupBy with MultiIndex¶
With hierarchically-indexed data, it’s quite natural to group by one of the levels of the hierarchy.
Let’s create a Series with a two-level MultiIndex.
In [27]: arrays = [['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz', 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
....: ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]
....:
In [28]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=['first', 'second'])
In [29]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=index)
In [30]: s
Out[30]:
first second
bar one -0.919854
two -0.042379
baz one 1.247642
two -0.009920
foo one 0.290213
two 0.495767
qux one 0.362949
two 1.548106
dtype: float64
We can then group by one of the levels in s.
In [31]: grouped = s.groupby(level=0)
In [32]: grouped.sum()
Out[32]:
first
bar -0.962232
baz 1.237723
foo 0.785980
qux 1.911055
dtype: float64
If the MultiIndex has names specified, these can be passed instead of the level number:
In [33]: s.groupby(level='second').sum()
Out[33]:
second
one 0.980950
two 1.991575
dtype: float64
The aggregation functions such as sum will take the level parameter
directly. Additionally, the resulting index will be named according to the
chosen level:
In [34]: s.sum(level='second')
Out[34]:
second
one 0.980950
two 1.991575
dtype: float64
Grouping with multiple levels is supported.
In [35]: s
Out[35]:
first second third
bar doo one -1.131345
two -0.089329
baz bee one 0.337863
two -0.945867
foo bop one -0.932132
two 1.956030
qux bop one 0.017587
two -0.016692
dtype: float64
In [36]: s.groupby(level=['first', 'second']).sum()
Out[36]:
first second
bar doo -1.220674
baz bee -0.608004
foo bop 1.023898
qux bop 0.000895
dtype: float64
New in version 0.20.
Index level names may be supplied as keys.
In [37]: s.groupby(['first', 'second']).sum()
Out[37]:
first second
bar doo -1.220674
baz bee -0.608004
foo bop 1.023898
qux bop 0.000895
dtype: float64
More on the sum function and aggregation later.
Grouping DataFrame with Index Levels and Columns¶
A DataFrame may be grouped by a combination of columns and index levels by
specifying the column names as strings and the index levels as pd.Grouper
objects.
In [38]: arrays = [['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz', 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
....: ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]
....:
In [39]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=['first', 'second'])
In [40]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],
....: 'B': np.arange(8)},
....: index=index)
....:
In [41]: df
Out[41]:
A B
first second
bar one 1 0
two 1 1
baz one 1 2
two 1 3
foo one 2 4
two 2 5
qux one 3 6
two 3 7
The following example groups df by the second index level and
the A column.
In [42]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(level=1), 'A']).sum()
Out[42]:
B
second A
one 1 2
2 4
3 6
two 1 4
2 5
3 7
Index levels may also be specified by name.
In [43]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(level='second'), 'A']).sum()
Out[43]:
B
second A
one 1 2
2 4
3 6
two 1 4
2 5
3 7
New in version 0.20.
Index level names may be specified as keys directly to groupby.
In [44]: df.groupby(['second', 'A']).sum()
Out[44]:
B
second A
one 1 2
2 4
3 6
two 1 4
2 5
3 7
DataFrame column selection in GroupBy¶
Once you have created the GroupBy object from a DataFrame, you might want to do
something different for each of the columns. Thus, using [] similar to
getting a column from a DataFrame, you can do:
In [45]: grouped = df.groupby(['A'])
In [46]: grouped_C = grouped['C']
In [47]: grouped_D = grouped['D']
This is mainly syntactic sugar for the alternative and much more verbose:
In [48]: df['C'].groupby(df['A'])
Out[48]: <pandas.core.groupby.groupby.SeriesGroupBy object at 0x7f21344f5b70>
Additionally this method avoids recomputing the internal grouping information derived from the passed key.
Iterating through groups¶
With the GroupBy object in hand, iterating through the grouped data is very
natural and functions similarly to itertools.groupby():
In [49]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
In [50]: for name, group in grouped:
....: print(name)
....: print(group)
....:
bar
A B C D
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
3 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
5 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
foo
A B C D
0 foo one -0.575247 1.346061
2 foo two -1.143704 1.627081
4 foo two 1.193555 -0.441652
6 foo one -0.408530 0.268520
7 foo three -0.862495 0.024580
In the case of grouping by multiple keys, the group name will be a tuple:
In [51]: for name, group in df.groupby(['A', 'B']):
....: print(name)
....: print(group)
....:
('bar', 'one')
A B C D
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
('bar', 'three')
A B C D
3 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
('bar', 'two')
A B C D
5 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
('foo', 'one')
A B C D
0 foo one -0.575247 1.346061
6 foo one -0.408530 0.268520
('foo', 'three')
A B C D
7 foo three -0.862495 0.02458
('foo', 'two')
A B C D
2 foo two -1.143704 1.627081
4 foo two 1.193555 -0.441652
It’s standard Python-fu but remember you can unpack the tuple in the for loop
statement if you wish: for (k1, k2), group in grouped:.
Selecting a group¶
A single group can be selected using
get_group():
In [52]: grouped.get_group('bar')
Out[52]:
A B C D
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
3 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
5 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
Or for an object grouped on multiple columns:
In [53]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).get_group(('bar', 'one'))
Out[53]:
A B C D
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
Aggregation¶
Once the GroupBy object has been created, several methods are available to perform a computation on the grouped data. These operations are similar to the aggregating API, window functions API, and resample API.
An obvious one is aggregation via the
aggregate() or equivalently
agg() method:
In [54]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
In [55]: grouped.aggregate(np.sum)
Out[55]:
C D
A
bar 0.392940 1.732707
foo -1.796421 2.824590
In [56]: grouped = df.groupby(['A', 'B'])
In [57]: grouped.aggregate(np.sum)
Out[57]:
C D
A B
bar one 0.254161 1.511763
three 0.215897 -0.990582
two -0.077118 1.211526
foo one -0.983776 1.614581
three -0.862495 0.024580
two 0.049851 1.185429
As you can see, the result of the aggregation will have the group names as the
new index along the grouped axis. In the case of multiple keys, the result is a
MultiIndex by default, though this can be
changed by using the as_index option:
In [58]: grouped = df.groupby(['A', 'B'], as_index=False)
In [59]: grouped.aggregate(np.sum)
Out[59]:
A B C D
0 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
1 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
2 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
3 foo one -0.983776 1.614581
4 foo three -0.862495 0.024580
5 foo two 0.049851 1.185429
In [60]: df.groupby('A', as_index=False).sum()
Out[60]:
A C D
0 bar 0.392940 1.732707
1 foo -1.796421 2.824590
Note that you could use the reset_index DataFrame function to achieve the
same result as the column names are stored in the resulting MultiIndex:
In [61]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum().reset_index()
Out[61]:
A B C D
0 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
1 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
2 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
3 foo one -0.983776 1.614581
4 foo three -0.862495 0.024580
5 foo two 0.049851 1.185429
Another simple aggregation example is to compute the size of each group.
This is included in GroupBy as the size method. It returns a Series whose
index are the group names and whose values are the sizes of each group.
In [62]: grouped.size()
Out[62]:
A B
bar one 1
three 1
two 1
foo one 2
three 1
two 2
dtype: int64
In [63]: grouped.describe()
Out[63]:
C D
count mean std min 25% 50% 75% max count mean std min 25% 50% 75% max
0 1.0 0.254161 NaN 0.254161 0.254161 0.254161 0.254161 0.254161 1.0 1.511763 NaN 1.511763 1.511763 1.511763 1.511763 1.511763
1 1.0 0.215897 NaN 0.215897 0.215897 0.215897 0.215897 0.215897 1.0 -0.990582 NaN -0.990582 -0.990582 -0.990582 -0.990582 -0.990582
2 1.0 -0.077118 NaN -0.077118 -0.077118 -0.077118 -0.077118 -0.077118 1.0 1.211526 NaN 1.211526 1.211526 1.211526 1.211526 1.211526
3 2.0 -0.491888 0.117887 -0.575247 -0.533567 -0.491888 -0.450209 -0.408530 2.0 0.807291 0.761937 0.268520 0.537905 0.807291 1.076676 1.346061
4 1.0 -0.862495 NaN -0.862495 -0.862495 -0.862495 -0.862495 -0.862495 1.0 0.024580 NaN 0.024580 0.024580 0.024580 0.024580 0.024580
5 2.0 0.024925 1.652692 -1.143704 -0.559389 0.024925 0.609240 1.193555 2.0 0.592714 1.462816 -0.441652 0.075531 0.592714 1.109898 1.627081
Note
Aggregation functions will not return the groups that you are aggregating over
if they are named columns, when as_index=True, the default. The grouped columns will
be the indices of the returned object.
Passing as_index=False will return the groups that you are aggregating over, if they are
named columns.
Aggregating functions are the ones that reduce the dimension of the returned objects. Some common aggregating functions are tabulated below:
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
mean() |
Compute mean of groups |
sum() |
Compute sum of group values |
size() |
Compute group sizes |
count() |
Compute count of group |
std() |
Standard deviation of groups |
var() |
Compute variance of groups |
sem() |
Standard error of the mean of groups |
describe() |
Generates descriptive statistics |
first() |
Compute first of group values |
last() |
Compute last of group values |
nth() |
Take nth value, or a subset if n is a list |
min() |
Compute min of group values |
max() |
Compute max of group values |
The aggregating functions above will exclude NA values. Any function which
reduces a Series to a scalar value is an aggregation function and will work,
a trivial example is df.groupby('A').agg(lambda ser: 1). Note that
nth() can act as a reducer or a
filter, see here.
Applying multiple functions at once¶
With grouped Series you can also pass a list or dict of functions to do
aggregation with, outputting a DataFrame:
In [64]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
In [65]: grouped['C'].agg([np.sum, np.mean, np.std])
Out[65]:
sum mean std
A
bar 0.392940 0.130980 0.181231
foo -1.796421 -0.359284 0.912265
On a grouped DataFrame, you can pass a list of functions to apply to each
column, which produces an aggregated result with a hierarchical index:
In [66]: grouped.agg([np.sum, np.mean, np.std])
Out[66]:
C D
sum mean std sum mean std
A
bar 0.392940 0.130980 0.181231 1.732707 0.577569 1.366330
foo -1.796421 -0.359284 0.912265 2.824590 0.564918 0.884785
The resulting aggregations are named for the functions themselves. If you
need to rename, then you can add in a chained operation for a Series like this:
In [67]: (grouped['C'].agg([np.sum, np.mean, np.std])
....: .rename(columns={'sum': 'foo',
....: 'mean': 'bar',
....: 'std': 'baz'})
....: )
....:
Out[67]:
foo bar baz
A
bar 0.392940 0.130980 0.181231
foo -1.796421 -0.359284 0.912265
For a grouped DataFrame, you can rename in a similar manner:
In [68]: (grouped.agg([np.sum, np.mean, np.std])
....: .rename(columns={'sum': 'foo',
....: 'mean': 'bar',
....: 'std': 'baz'})
....: )
....:
Out[68]:
C D
foo bar baz foo bar baz
A
bar 0.392940 0.130980 0.181231 1.732707 0.577569 1.366330
foo -1.796421 -0.359284 0.912265 2.824590 0.564918 0.884785
Applying different functions to DataFrame columns¶
By passing a dict to aggregate you can apply a different aggregation to the
columns of a DataFrame:
In [69]: grouped.agg({'C' : np.sum,
....: 'D' : lambda x: np.std(x, ddof=1)})
....:
Out[69]:
C D
A
bar 0.392940 1.366330
foo -1.796421 0.884785
The function names can also be strings. In order for a string to be valid it must be either implemented on GroupBy or available via dispatching:
In [70]: grouped.agg({'C' : 'sum', 'D' : 'std'})
Out[70]:
C D
A
bar 0.392940 1.366330
foo -1.796421 0.884785
Note
If you pass a dict to aggregate, the ordering of the output columns is
non-deterministic. If you want to be sure the output columns will be in a specific
order, you can use an OrderedDict. Compare the output of the following two commands:
In [71]: grouped.agg({'D': 'std', 'C': 'mean'})
Out[71]:
D C
A
bar 1.366330 0.130980
foo 0.884785 -0.359284
In [72]: grouped.agg(OrderedDict([('D', 'std'), ('C', 'mean')]))
Out[72]:
D C
A
bar 1.366330 0.130980
foo 0.884785 -0.359284
Cython-optimized aggregation functions¶
Some common aggregations, currently only sum, mean, std, and sem, have
optimized Cython implementations:
In [73]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[73]:
C D
A
bar 0.392940 1.732707
foo -1.796421 2.824590
In [74]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).mean()
Out[74]:
C D
A B
bar one 0.254161 1.511763
three 0.215897 -0.990582
two -0.077118 1.211526
foo one -0.491888 0.807291
three -0.862495 0.024580
two 0.024925 0.592714
Of course sum and mean are implemented on pandas objects, so the above
code would work even without the special versions via dispatching (see below).
Transformation¶
The transform method returns an object that is indexed the same (same size)
as the one being grouped. The transform function must:
- Return a result that is either the same size as the group chunk or
broadcastable to the size of the group chunk (e.g., a scalar,
grouped.transform(lambda x: x.iloc[-1])). - Operate column-by-column on the group chunk. The transform is applied to the first group chunk using chunk.apply.
- Not perform in-place operations on the group chunk. Group chunks should
be treated as immutable, and changes to a group chunk may produce unexpected
results. For example, when using
fillna,inplacemust beFalse(grouped.transform(lambda x: x.fillna(inplace=False))). - (Optionally) operates on the entire group chunk. If this is supported, a fast path is used starting from the second chunk.
For example, suppose we wished to standardize the data within each group:
In [75]: index = pd.date_range('10/1/1999', periods=1100)
In [76]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.normal(0.5, 2, 1100), index)
In [77]: ts = ts.rolling(window=100,min_periods=100).mean().dropna()
In [78]: ts.head()
Out[78]:
2000-01-08 0.779333
2000-01-09 0.778852
2000-01-10 0.786476
2000-01-11 0.782797
2000-01-12 0.798110
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [79]: ts.tail()
Out[79]:
2002-09-30 0.660294
2002-10-01 0.631095
2002-10-02 0.673601
2002-10-03 0.709213
2002-10-04 0.719369
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [80]: key = lambda x: x.year
In [81]: zscore = lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / x.std()
In [82]: transformed = ts.groupby(key).transform(zscore)
We would expect the result to now have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 within each group, which we can easily check:
# Original Data
In [83]: grouped = ts.groupby(key)
In [84]: grouped.mean()
Out[84]:
2000 0.442441
2001 0.526246
2002 0.459365
dtype: float64
In [85]: grouped.std()
Out[85]:
2000 0.131752
2001 0.210945
2002 0.128753
dtype: float64
# Transformed Data
In [86]: grouped_trans = transformed.groupby(key)
In [87]: grouped_trans.mean()
Out[87]:
2000 1.168208e-15
2001 1.454544e-15
2002 1.726657e-15
dtype: float64
In [88]: grouped_trans.std()
Out[88]:
2000 1.0
2001 1.0
2002 1.0
dtype: float64
We can also visually compare the original and transformed data sets.
In [89]: compare = pd.DataFrame({'Original': ts, 'Transformed': transformed})
In [90]: compare.plot()
Out[90]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f21345fcb00>
Transformation functions that have lower dimension outputs are broadcast to match the shape of the input array.
In [91]: data_range = lambda x: x.max() - x.min()
In [92]: ts.groupby(key).transform(data_range)
Out[92]:
2000-01-08 0.623893
2000-01-09 0.623893
2000-01-10 0.623893
2000-01-11 0.623893
2000-01-12 0.623893
2000-01-13 0.623893
2000-01-14 0.623893
...
2002-09-28 0.558275
2002-09-29 0.558275
2002-09-30 0.558275
2002-10-01 0.558275
2002-10-02 0.558275
2002-10-03 0.558275
2002-10-04 0.558275
Freq: D, Length: 1001, dtype: float64
Alternatively the built-in methods can be could be used to produce the same outputs
In [93]: ts.groupby(key).transform('max') - ts.groupby(key).transform('min')
Out[93]:
2000-01-08 0.623893
2000-01-09 0.623893
2000-01-10 0.623893
2000-01-11 0.623893
2000-01-12 0.623893
2000-01-13 0.623893
2000-01-14 0.623893
...
2002-09-28 0.558275
2002-09-29 0.558275
2002-09-30 0.558275
2002-10-01 0.558275
2002-10-02 0.558275
2002-10-03 0.558275
2002-10-04 0.558275
Freq: D, Length: 1001, dtype: float64
Another common data transform is to replace missing data with the group mean.
In [94]: data_df
Out[94]:
A B C
0 1.539708 -1.166480 0.533026
1 1.302092 -0.505754 NaN
2 -0.371983 1.104803 -0.651520
3 -1.309622 1.118697 -1.161657
4 -1.924296 0.396437 0.812436
5 0.815643 0.367816 -0.469478
6 -0.030651 1.376106 -0.645129
.. ... ... ...
993 0.012359 0.554602 -1.976159
994 0.042312 -1.628835 1.013822
995 -0.093110 0.683847 -0.774753
996 -0.185043 1.438572 NaN
997 -0.394469 -0.642343 0.011374
998 -1.174126 1.857148 NaN
999 0.234564 0.517098 0.393534
[1000 rows x 3 columns]
In [95]: countries = np.array(['US', 'UK', 'GR', 'JP'])
In [96]: key = countries[np.random.randint(0, 4, 1000)]
In [97]: grouped = data_df.groupby(key)
# Non-NA count in each group
In [98]: grouped.count()
Out[98]:
A B C
GR 209 217 189
JP 240 255 217
UK 216 231 193
US 239 250 217
In [99]: f = lambda x: x.fillna(x.mean())
In [100]: transformed = grouped.transform(f)
We can verify that the group means have not changed in the transformed data and that the transformed data contains no NAs.
In [101]: grouped_trans = transformed.groupby(key)
In [102]: grouped.mean() # original group means
Out[102]:
A B C
GR -0.098371 -0.015420 0.068053
JP 0.069025 0.023100 -0.077324
UK 0.034069 -0.052580 -0.116525
US 0.058664 -0.020399 0.028603
In [103]: grouped_trans.mean() # transformation did not change group means
Out[103]:
A B C
GR -0.098371 -0.015420 0.068053
JP 0.069025 0.023100 -0.077324
UK 0.034069 -0.052580 -0.116525
US 0.058664 -0.020399 0.028603
In [104]: grouped.count() # original has some missing data points
Out[104]:
A B C
GR 209 217 189
JP 240 255 217
UK 216 231 193
US 239 250 217
In [105]: grouped_trans.count() # counts after transformation
Out[105]:
A B C
GR 228 228 228
JP 267 267 267
UK 247 247 247
US 258 258 258
In [106]: grouped_trans.size() # Verify non-NA count equals group size
Out[106]:
GR 228
JP 267
UK 247
US 258
dtype: int64
Note
Some functions will automatically transform the input when applied to a
GroupBy object, but returning an object of the same shape as the original.
Passing as_index=False will not affect these transformation methods.
For example: fillna, ffill, bfill, shift..
In [107]: grouped.ffill()
Out[107]:
NaN A B C
0 US 1.539708 -1.166480 0.533026
1 US 1.302092 -0.505754 0.533026
2 US -0.371983 1.104803 -0.651520
3 JP -1.309622 1.118697 -1.161657
4 JP -1.924296 0.396437 0.812436
5 US 0.815643 0.367816 -0.469478
6 GR -0.030651 1.376106 -0.645129
.. .. ... ... ...
993 US 0.012359 0.554602 -1.976159
994 GR 0.042312 -1.628835 1.013822
995 JP -0.093110 0.683847 -0.774753
996 JP -0.185043 1.438572 -0.774753
997 GR -0.394469 -0.642343 0.011374
998 JP -1.174126 1.857148 -0.774753
999 UK 0.234564 0.517098 0.393534
[1000 rows x 4 columns]
New syntax to window and resample operations¶
New in version 0.18.1.
Working with the resample, expanding or rolling operations on the groupby
level used to require the application of helper functions. However,
now it is possible to use resample(), expanding() and
rolling() as methods on groupbys.
The example below will apply the rolling() method on the samples of
the column B based on the groups of column A.
In [108]: df_re = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1] * 10 + [5] * 10,
.....: 'B': np.arange(20)})
.....:
In [109]: df_re
Out[109]:
A B
0 1 0
1 1 1
2 1 2
3 1 3
4 1 4
5 1 5
6 1 6
.. .. ..
13 5 13
14 5 14
15 5 15
16 5 16
17 5 17
18 5 18
19 5 19
[20 rows x 2 columns]
In [110]: df_re.groupby('A').rolling(4).B.mean()
Out[110]:
A
1 0 NaN
1 NaN
2 NaN
3 1.5
4 2.5
5 3.5
6 4.5
...
5 13 11.5
14 12.5
15 13.5
16 14.5
17 15.5
18 16.5
19 17.5
Name: B, Length: 20, dtype: float64
The expanding() method will accumulate a given operation
(sum() in the example) for all the members of each particular
group.
In [111]: df_re.groupby('A').expanding().sum()
Out[111]:
A B
A
1 0 1.0 0.0
1 2.0 1.0
2 3.0 3.0
3 4.0 6.0
4 5.0 10.0
5 6.0 15.0
6 7.0 21.0
... ... ...
5 13 20.0 46.0
14 25.0 60.0
15 30.0 75.0
16 35.0 91.0
17 40.0 108.0
18 45.0 126.0
19 50.0 145.0
[20 rows x 2 columns]
Suppose you want to use the resample() method to get a daily
frequency in each group of your dataframe and wish to complete the
missing values with the ffill() method.
In [112]: df_re = pd.DataFrame({'date': pd.date_range(start='2016-01-01',
.....: periods=4,
.....: freq='W'),
.....: 'group': [1, 1, 2, 2],
.....: 'val': [5, 6, 7, 8]}).set_index('date')
.....:
In [113]: df_re
Out[113]:
group val
date
2016-01-03 1 5
2016-01-10 1 6
2016-01-17 2 7
2016-01-24 2 8
In [114]: df_re.groupby('group').resample('1D').ffill()
Out[114]:
group val
group date
1 2016-01-03 1 5
2016-01-04 1 5
2016-01-05 1 5
2016-01-06 1 5
2016-01-07 1 5
2016-01-08 1 5
2016-01-09 1 5
... ... ...
2 2016-01-18 2 7
2016-01-19 2 7
2016-01-20 2 7
2016-01-21 2 7
2016-01-22 2 7
2016-01-23 2 7
2016-01-24 2 8
[16 rows x 2 columns]
Filtration¶
The filter method returns a subset of the original object. Suppose we
want to take only elements that belong to groups with a group sum greater
than 2.
In [115]: sf = pd.Series([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3])
In [116]: sf.groupby(sf).filter(lambda x: x.sum() > 2)
Out[116]:
3 3
4 3
5 3
dtype: int64
The argument of filter must be a function that, applied to the group as a
whole, returns True or False.
Another useful operation is filtering out elements that belong to groups with only a couple members.
In [117]: dff = pd.DataFrame({'A': np.arange(8), 'B': list('aabbbbcc')})
In [118]: dff.groupby('B').filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
Out[118]:
A B
2 2 b
3 3 b
4 4 b
5 5 b
Alternatively, instead of dropping the offending groups, we can return a like-indexed objects where the groups that do not pass the filter are filled with NaNs.
In [119]: dff.groupby('B').filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2, dropna=False)
Out[119]:
A B
0 NaN NaN
1 NaN NaN
2 2.0 b
3 3.0 b
4 4.0 b
5 5.0 b
6 NaN NaN
7 NaN NaN
For DataFrames with multiple columns, filters should explicitly specify a column as the filter criterion.
In [120]: dff['C'] = np.arange(8)
In [121]: dff.groupby('B').filter(lambda x: len(x['C']) > 2)
Out[121]:
A B C
2 2 b 2
3 3 b 3
4 4 b 4
5 5 b 5
Note
Some functions when applied to a groupby object will act as a filter on the input, returning
a reduced shape of the original (and potentially eliminating groups), but with the index unchanged.
Passing as_index=False will not affect these transformation methods.
For example: head, tail.
In [122]: dff.groupby('B').head(2)
Out[122]:
A B C
0 0 a 0
1 1 a 1
2 2 b 2
3 3 b 3
6 6 c 6
7 7 c 7
Dispatching to instance methods¶
When doing an aggregation or transformation, you might just want to call an instance method on each data group. This is pretty easy to do by passing lambda functions:
In [123]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
In [124]: grouped.agg(lambda x: x.std())
Out[124]:
C D
A
bar 0.181231 1.366330
foo 0.912265 0.884785
But, it’s rather verbose and can be untidy if you need to pass additional arguments. Using a bit of metaprogramming cleverness, GroupBy now has the ability to “dispatch” method calls to the groups:
In [125]: grouped.std()
Out[125]:
C D
A
bar 0.181231 1.366330
foo 0.912265 0.884785
What is actually happening here is that a function wrapper is being
generated. When invoked, it takes any passed arguments and invokes the function
with any arguments on each group (in the above example, the std
function). The results are then combined together much in the style of agg
and transform (it actually uses apply to infer the gluing, documented
next). This enables some operations to be carried out rather succinctly:
In [126]: tsdf = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 3),
.....: index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000),
.....: columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])
.....:
In [127]: tsdf.iloc[::2] = np.nan
In [128]: grouped = tsdf.groupby(lambda x: x.year)
In [129]: grouped.fillna(method='pad')
Out[129]:
A B C
2000-01-01 NaN NaN NaN
2000-01-02 -0.353501 -0.080957 -0.876864
2000-01-03 -0.353501 -0.080957 -0.876864
2000-01-04 0.050976 0.044273 -0.559849
2000-01-05 0.050976 0.044273 -0.559849
2000-01-06 0.030091 0.186460 -0.680149
2000-01-07 0.030091 0.186460 -0.680149
... ... ... ...
2002-09-20 2.310215 0.157482 -0.064476
2002-09-21 2.310215 0.157482 -0.064476
2002-09-22 0.005011 0.053897 -1.026922
2002-09-23 0.005011 0.053897 -1.026922
2002-09-24 -0.456542 -1.849051 1.559856
2002-09-25 -0.456542 -1.849051 1.559856
2002-09-26 1.123162 0.354660 1.128135
[1000 rows x 3 columns]
In this example, we chopped the collection of time series into yearly chunks then independently called fillna on the groups.
The nlargest and nsmallest methods work on Series style groupbys:
In [130]: s = pd.Series([9, 8, 7, 5, 19, 1, 4.2, 3.3])
In [131]: g = pd.Series(list('abababab'))
In [132]: gb = s.groupby(g)
In [133]: gb.nlargest(3)
Out[133]:
a 4 19.0
0 9.0
2 7.0
b 1 8.0
3 5.0
7 3.3
dtype: float64
In [134]: gb.nsmallest(3)
Out[134]:
a 6 4.2
2 7.0
0 9.0
b 5 1.0
7 3.3
3 5.0
dtype: float64
Flexible apply¶
Some operations on the grouped data might not fit into either the aggregate or
transform categories. Or, you may simply want GroupBy to infer how to combine
the results. For these, use the apply function, which can be substituted
for both aggregate and transform in many standard use cases. However,
apply can handle some exceptional use cases, for example:
In [135]: df
Out[135]:
A B C D
0 foo one -0.575247 1.346061
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
2 foo two -1.143704 1.627081
3 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
4 foo two 1.193555 -0.441652
5 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
6 foo one -0.408530 0.268520
7 foo three -0.862495 0.024580
In [136]: grouped = df.groupby('A')
# could also just call .describe()
In [137]: grouped['C'].apply(lambda x: x.describe())
Out[137]:
A
bar count 3.000000
mean 0.130980
std 0.181231
min -0.077118
25% 0.069390
50% 0.215897
75% 0.235029
...
foo mean -0.359284
std 0.912265
min -1.143704
25% -0.862495
50% -0.575247
75% -0.408530
max 1.193555
Name: C, Length: 16, dtype: float64
The dimension of the returned result can also change:
In [138]: grouped = df.groupby('A')['C']
In [139]: def f(group):
.....: return pd.DataFrame({'original' : group,
.....: 'demeaned' : group - group.mean()})
.....:
In [140]: grouped.apply(f)
Out[140]:
original demeaned
0 -0.575247 -0.215962
1 0.254161 0.123181
2 -1.143704 -0.784420
3 0.215897 0.084917
4 1.193555 1.552839
5 -0.077118 -0.208098
6 -0.408530 -0.049245
7 -0.862495 -0.503211
apply on a Series can operate on a returned value from the applied function,
that is itself a series, and possibly upcast the result to a DataFrame:
In [141]: def f(x):
.....: return pd.Series([ x, x**2 ], index = ['x', 'x^2'])
.....:
In [142]: s
Out[142]:
0 9.0
1 8.0
2 7.0
3 5.0
4 19.0
5 1.0
6 4.2
7 3.3
dtype: float64
In [143]: s.apply(f)
Out[143]:
x x^2
0 9.0 81.00
1 8.0 64.00
2 7.0 49.00
3 5.0 25.00
4 19.0 361.00
5 1.0 1.00
6 4.2 17.64
7 3.3 10.89
Note
apply can act as a reducer, transformer, or filter function, depending on exactly what is passed to it.
So depending on the path taken, and exactly what you are grouping. Thus the grouped columns(s) may be included in
the output as well as set the indices.
Warning
In the current implementation apply calls func twice on the first group to decide whether it can take a fast or slow code path. This can lead to unexpected behavior if func has side-effects, as they will take effect twice for the first group.
In [144]: d = pd.DataFrame({"a":["x", "y"], "b":[1,2]})
In [145]: def identity(df):
.....: print(df)
.....: return df
.....:
In [146]: d.groupby("a").apply(identity)
a b
0 x 1
a b
0 x 1
a b
1 y 2
Out[146]:
a b
0 x 1
1 y 2
Other useful features¶
Automatic exclusion of “nuisance” columns¶
Again consider the example DataFrame we’ve been looking at:
In [147]: df
Out[147]:
A B C D
0 foo one -0.575247 1.346061
1 bar one 0.254161 1.511763
2 foo two -1.143704 1.627081
3 bar three 0.215897 -0.990582
4 foo two 1.193555 -0.441652
5 bar two -0.077118 1.211526
6 foo one -0.408530 0.268520
7 foo three -0.862495 0.024580
Suppose we wish to compute the standard deviation grouped by the A
column. There is a slight problem, namely that we don’t care about the data in
column B. We refer to this as a “nuisance” column. If the passed
aggregation function can’t be applied to some columns, the troublesome columns
will be (silently) dropped. Thus, this does not pose any problems:
In [148]: df.groupby('A').std()
Out[148]:
C D
A
bar 0.181231 1.366330
foo 0.912265 0.884785
Note that df.groupby('A').colname.std(). is more efficient than
df.groupby('A').std().colname, so if the result of an aggregation function
is only interesting over one column (here colname), it may be filtered
before applying the aggregation function.
Handling of (un)observed Categorical values¶
When using a Categorical grouper (as a single grouper, or as part of multipler groupers), the observed keyword
controls whether to return a cartesian product of all possible groupers values (observed=False) or only those
that are observed groupers (observed=True).
Show all values:
In [149]: pd.Series([1, 1, 1]).groupby(pd.Categorical(['a', 'a', 'a'], categories=['a', 'b']), observed=False).count()
Out[149]:
a 3
b 0
dtype: int64
Show only the observed values:
In [150]: pd.Series([1, 1, 1]).groupby(pd.Categorical(['a', 'a', 'a'], categories=['a', 'b']), observed=True).count()
Out[150]:
a 3
dtype: int64
The returned dtype of the grouped will always include all of the catergories that were grouped.
In [151]: s = pd.Series([1, 1, 1]).groupby(pd.Categorical(['a', 'a', 'a'], categories=['a', 'b']), observed=False).count()
In [152]: s.index.dtype
Out[152]: CategoricalDtype(categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=False)
NA and NaT group handling¶
If there are any NaN or NaT values in the grouping key, these will be automatically excluded. In other words, there will never be an “NA group” or “NaT group”. This was not the case in older versions of pandas, but users were generally discarding the NA group anyway (and supporting it was an implementation headache).
Grouping with ordered factors¶
Categorical variables represented as instance of pandas’s Categorical class
can be used as group keys. If so, the order of the levels will be preserved:
In [153]: data = pd.Series(np.random.randn(100))
In [154]: factor = pd.qcut(data, [0, .25, .5, .75, 1.])
In [155]: data.groupby(factor).mean()
Out[155]:
(-2.618, -0.684] -1.331461
(-0.684, -0.0232] -0.272816
(-0.0232, 0.541] 0.263607
(0.541, 2.369] 1.166038
dtype: float64
Grouping with a Grouper specification¶
You may need to specify a bit more data to properly group. You can
use the pd.Grouper to provide this local control.
In [156]: import datetime
In [157]: df = pd.DataFrame({
.....: 'Branch' : 'A A A A A A A B'.split(),
.....: 'Buyer': 'Carl Mark Carl Carl Joe Joe Joe Carl'.split(),
.....: 'Quantity': [1,3,5,1,8,1,9,3],
.....: 'Date' : [
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,1,1,13,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,1,1,13,5),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,10,1,20,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,10,2,10,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,10,1,20,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,10,2,10,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,12,2,12,0),
.....: datetime.datetime(2013,12,2,14,0),
.....: ]
.....: })
.....:
In [158]: df
Out[158]:
Branch Buyer Quantity Date
0 A Carl 1 2013-01-01 13:00:00
1 A Mark 3 2013-01-01 13:05:00
2 A Carl 5 2013-10-01 20:00:00
3 A Carl 1 2013-10-02 10:00:00
4 A Joe 8 2013-10-01 20:00:00
5 A Joe 1 2013-10-02 10:00:00
6 A Joe 9 2013-12-02 12:00:00
7 B Carl 3 2013-12-02 14:00:00
Groupby a specific column with the desired frequency. This is like resampling.
In [159]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq='1M',key='Date'),'Buyer']).sum()
Out[159]:
Quantity
Date Buyer
2013-01-31 Carl 1
Mark 3
2013-10-31 Carl 6
Joe 9
2013-12-31 Carl 3
Joe 9
You have an ambiguous specification in that you have a named index and a column that could be potential groupers.
In [160]: df = df.set_index('Date')
In [161]: df['Date'] = df.index + pd.offsets.MonthEnd(2)
In [162]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq='6M',key='Date'),'Buyer']).sum()
Out[162]:
Quantity
Date Buyer
2013-02-28 Carl 1
Mark 3
2014-02-28 Carl 9
Joe 18
In [163]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq='6M',level='Date'),'Buyer']).sum()
Out[163]:
Quantity
Date Buyer
2013-01-31 Carl 1
Mark 3
2014-01-31 Carl 9
Joe 18
Taking the first rows of each group¶
Just like for a DataFrame or Series you can call head and tail on a groupby:
In [164]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=['A', 'B'])
In [165]: df
Out[165]:
A B
0 1 2
1 1 4
2 5 6
In [166]: g = df.groupby('A')
In [167]: g.head(1)
Out[167]:
A B
0 1 2
2 5 6
In [168]: g.tail(1)
Out[168]:
A B
1 1 4
2 5 6
This shows the first or last n rows from each group.
Taking the nth row of each group¶
To select from a DataFrame or Series the nth item, use
nth(). This is a reduction method, and
will return a single row (or no row) per group if you pass an int for n:
In [169]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, np.nan], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=['A', 'B'])
In [170]: g = df.groupby('A')
In [171]: g.nth(0)
Out[171]:
B
A
1 NaN
5 6.0
In [172]: g.nth(-1)
Out[172]:
B
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
In [173]: g.nth(1)
Out[173]:
B
A
1 4.0
If you want to select the nth not-null item, use the dropna kwarg. For a DataFrame this should be either 'any' or 'all' just like you would pass to dropna:
# nth(0) is the same as g.first()
In [174]: g.nth(0, dropna='any')
Out[174]:
B
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
In [175]: g.first()
Out[175]:
B
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
# nth(-1) is the same as g.last()
In [176]: g.nth(-1, dropna='any') # NaNs denote group exhausted when using dropna
Out[176]:
B
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
In [177]: g.last()
Out[177]:
B
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
In [178]: g.B.nth(0, dropna='all')
Out[178]:
A
1 4.0
5 6.0
Name: B, dtype: float64
As with other methods, passing as_index=False, will achieve a filtration, which returns the grouped row.
In [179]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, np.nan], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=['A', 'B'])
In [180]: g = df.groupby('A',as_index=False)
In [181]: g.nth(0)
Out[181]:
A B
0 1 NaN
2 5 6.0
In [182]: g.nth(-1)
Out[182]:
A B
1 1 4.0
2 5 6.0
You can also select multiple rows from each group by specifying multiple nth values as a list of ints.
In [183]: business_dates = pd.date_range(start='4/1/2014', end='6/30/2014', freq='B')
In [184]: df = pd.DataFrame(1, index=business_dates, columns=['a', 'b'])
# get the first, 4th, and last date index for each month
In [185]: df.groupby([df.index.year, df.index.month]).nth([0, 3, -1])
Out[185]:
a b
2014 4 1 1
4 1 1
4 1 1
5 1 1
5 1 1
5 1 1
6 1 1
6 1 1
6 1 1
Enumerate group items¶
To see the order in which each row appears within its group, use the
cumcount method:
In [186]: dfg = pd.DataFrame(list('aaabba'), columns=['A'])
In [187]: dfg
Out[187]:
A
0 a
1 a
2 a
3 b
4 b
5 a
In [188]: dfg.groupby('A').cumcount()
Out[188]:
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 0
4 1
5 3
dtype: int64
In [189]: dfg.groupby('A').cumcount(ascending=False)
Out[189]:
0 3
1 2
2 1
3 1
4 0
5 0
dtype: int64
Enumerate groups¶
New in version 0.20.2.
To see the ordering of the groups (as opposed to the order of rows
within a group given by cumcount) you can use
ngroup().
Note that the numbers given to the groups match the order in which the groups would be seen when iterating over the groupby object, not the order they are first observed.
In [190]: dfg = pd.DataFrame(list('aaabba'), columns=['A'])
In [191]: dfg
Out[191]:
A
0 a
1 a
2 a
3 b
4 b
5 a
In [192]: dfg.groupby('A').ngroup()
Out[192]:
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 1
4 1
5 0
dtype: int64
In [193]: dfg.groupby('A').ngroup(ascending=False)
Out[193]:
0 1
1 1
2 1
3 0
4 0
5 1
dtype: int64
Plotting¶
Groupby also works with some plotting methods. For example, suppose we suspect that some features in a DataFrame may differ by group, in this case, the values in column 1 where the group is “B” are 3 higher on average.
In [194]: np.random.seed(1234)
In [195]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(50, 2))
In [196]: df['g'] = np.random.choice(['A', 'B'], size=50)
In [197]: df.loc[df['g'] == 'B', 1] += 3
We can easily visualize this with a boxplot:
In [198]: df.groupby('g').boxplot()
Out[198]:
A AxesSubplot(0.1,0.15;0.363636x0.75)
B AxesSubplot(0.536364,0.15;0.363636x0.75)
dtype: object
The result of calling boxplot is a dictionary whose keys are the values
of our grouping column g (“A” and “B”). The values of the resulting dictionary
can be controlled by the return_type keyword of boxplot.
See the visualization documentation for more.
Warning
For historical reasons, df.groupby("g").boxplot() is not equivalent
to df.boxplot(by="g"). See here for
an explanation.
Piping function calls¶
New in version 0.21.0.
Similar to the functionality provided by DataFrame and Series, functions
that take GroupBy objects can be chained together using a pipe method to
allow for a cleaner, more readable syntax. To read about .pipe in general terms,
see here.
Combining .groupby and .pipe is often useful when you need to reuse
GroupBy objects.
As an example, imagine having a DataFrame with columns for stores, products, revenue and quantity sold. We’d like to do a groupwise calculation of prices (i.e. revenue/quantity) per store and per product. We could do this in a multi-step operation, but expressing it in terms of piping can make the code more readable. First we set the data:
In [199]: import numpy as np
In [200]: n = 1000
In [201]: df = pd.DataFrame({'Store': np.random.choice(['Store_1', 'Store_2'], n),
.....: 'Product': np.random.choice(['Product_1',
.....: 'Product_2'], n),
.....: 'Revenue': (np.random.random(n)*50+10).round(2),
.....: 'Quantity': np.random.randint(1, 10, size=n)})
.....:
In [202]: df.head(2)
Out[202]:
Store Product Revenue Quantity
0 Store_2 Product_1 26.12 1
1 Store_2 Product_1 28.86 1
Now, to find prices per store/product, we can simply do:
In [203]: (df.groupby(['Store', 'Product'])
.....: .pipe(lambda grp: grp.Revenue.sum()/grp.Quantity.sum())
.....: .unstack().round(2))
.....:
Out[203]:
Product Product_1 Product_2
Store
Store_1 6.82 7.05
Store_2 6.30 6.64
Piping can also be expressive when you want to deliver a grouped object to some arbitrary function, for example:
(df.groupby(['Store', 'Product']).pipe(report_func)
where report_func takes a GroupBy object and creates a report
from that.
Examples¶
Regrouping by factor¶
Regroup columns of a DataFrame according to their sum, and sum the aggregated ones.
In [204]: df = pd.DataFrame({'a':[1,0,0], 'b':[0,1,0], 'c':[1,0,0], 'd':[2,3,4]})
In [205]: df
Out[205]:
a b c d
0 1 0 1 2
1 0 1 0 3
2 0 0 0 4
In [206]: df.groupby(df.sum(), axis=1).sum()
Out[206]:
1 9
0 2 2
1 1 3
2 0 4
Multi-column factorization¶
By using ngroup(), we can extract
information about the groups in a way similar to factorize() (as described
further in the reshaping API) but which applies
naturally to multiple columns of mixed type and different
sources. This can be useful as an intermediate categorical-like step
in processing, when the relationships between the group rows are more
important than their content, or as input to an algorithm which only
accepts the integer encoding. (For more information about support in
pandas for full categorical data, see the Categorical
introduction and the
API documentation.)
In [207]: dfg = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 1, 2, 3, 2], "B": list("aaaba")})
In [208]: dfg
Out[208]:
A B
0 1 a
1 1 a
2 2 a
3 3 b
4 2 a
In [209]: dfg.groupby(["A", "B"]).ngroup()
Out[209]:
0 0
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 1
dtype: int64
In [210]: dfg.groupby(["A", [0, 0, 0, 1, 1]]).ngroup()
Out[210]:
0 0
1 0
2 1
3 3
4 2
dtype: int64
Groupby by Indexer to ‘resample’ data¶
Resampling produces new hypothetical samples (resamples) from already existing observed data or from a model that generates data. These new samples are similar to the pre-existing samples.
In order to resample to work on indices that are non-datetimelike, the following procedure can be utilized.
In the following examples, df.index // 5 returns a binary array which is used to determine what gets selected for the groupby operation.
Note
The below example shows how we can downsample by consolidation of samples into fewer samples. Here by using df.index // 5, we are aggregating the samples in bins. By applying std() function, we aggregate the information contained in many samples into a small subset of values which is their standard deviation thereby reducing the number of samples.
In [211]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,2))
In [212]: df
Out[212]:
0 1
0 -0.793893 0.321153
1 0.342250 1.618906
2 -0.975807 1.918201
3 -0.810847 -1.405919
4 -1.977759 0.461659
5 0.730057 -1.316938
6 -0.751328 0.528290
7 -0.257759 -1.081009
8 0.505895 -1.701948
9 -1.006349 0.020208
In [213]: df.index // 5
Out[213]: Int64Index([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], dtype='int64')
In [214]: df.groupby(df.index // 5).std()
Out[214]:
0 1
0 0.823647 1.312912
1 0.760109 0.942941
Returning a Series to propagate names¶
Group DataFrame columns, compute a set of metrics and return a named Series. The Series name is used as the name for the column index. This is especially useful in conjunction with reshaping operations such as stacking in which the column index name will be used as the name of the inserted column:
In [215]: df = pd.DataFrame({
.....: 'a': [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2],
.....: 'b': [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1],
.....: 'c': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
.....: 'd': [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
.....: })
.....:
In [216]: def compute_metrics(x):
.....: result = {'b_sum': x['b'].sum(), 'c_mean': x['c'].mean()}
.....: return pd.Series(result, name='metrics')
.....:
In [217]: result = df.groupby('a').apply(compute_metrics)
In [218]: result
Out[218]:
metrics b_sum c_mean
a
0 2.0 0.5
1 2.0 0.5
2 2.0 0.5
In [219]: result.stack()
Out[219]:
a metrics
0 b_sum 2.0
c_mean 0.5
1 b_sum 2.0
c_mean 0.5
2 b_sum 2.0
c_mean 0.5
dtype: float64