Remote Data Access¶
Functions from pandas.io.data and pandas.io.ga extract data from various Internet sources into a DataFrame. Currently the following sources are supported:
It should be noted, that various sources support different kinds of data, so not all sources implement the same methods and the data elements returned might also differ.
Yahoo! Finance¶
In [1]: import pandas.io.data as web
In [2]: import datetime
In [3]: start = datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1)
In [4]: end = datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 27)
In [5]: f=web.DataReader("F", 'yahoo', start, end)
In [6]: f.ix['2010-01-04']
Out[6]:
Open 10.17
High 10.28
Low 10.05
Close 10.28
Volume 60855800.00
Adj Close 9.43
Name: 2010-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
Yahoo! Finance Options¶
*Experimental*
The Options class allows the download of options data from Yahoo! Finance.
The get_all_data method downloads and caches option data for all expiry months and provides a formatted DataFrame with a hierarchical index, so its easy to get to the specific option you want.
In [7]: from pandas.io.data import Options
In [8]: aapl = Options('aapl', 'yahoo')
In [9]: data = aapl.get_all_data()
In [10]: data.iloc[0:5, 0:5]
Out[10]:
Last Bid Ask Chg PctChg
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
34.29 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00034290 93.10 92.35 92.80 -0.38 -0.41%
put AAPL160115P00034290 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00%
35.71 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00035710 90.00 90.90 91.40 0.00 0.00%
put AAPL160115P00035710 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00%
37.14 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00037140 72.55 89.45 89.95 0.00 0.00%
#Show the $100 strike puts at all expiry dates:
In [11]: data.loc[(100, slice(None), 'put'),:].iloc[0:5, 0:5]
Out[11]:
Last Bid Ask Chg PctChg
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
100 2015-03-27 put AAPL150327P00100000 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00%
2015-04-17 put AAPL150417P00100000 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.01 +20.00%
2015-04-24 put AAPL150424P00100000 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.01 +7.69%
2015-05-01 put AAPL150501P00100000 0.20 0.17 0.20 -0.01 -4.55%
2015-05-15 put AAPL150515P00100000 0.30 0.28 0.30 -0.05 -14.29%
#Show the volume traded of $100 strike puts at all expiry dates:
In [12]: data.loc[(100, slice(None), 'put'),'Vol'].head()
Out[12]:
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
100 2015-03-27 put AAPL150327P00100000 888
2015-04-17 put AAPL150417P00100000 114
2015-04-24 put AAPL150424P00100000 2
2015-05-01 put AAPL150501P00100000 12
2015-05-15 put AAPL150515P00100000 111
Name: Vol, dtype: int64
If you don’t want to download all the data, more specific requests can be made.
In [13]: import datetime
In [14]: expiry = datetime.date(2016, 1, 1)
In [15]: data = aapl.get_call_data(expiry=expiry)
In [16]: data.iloc[0:5:, 0:5]
Out[16]:
Last Bid Ask Chg PctChg
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
34.29 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00034290 93.10 92.35 92.80 -0.38 -0.41%
35.71 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00035710 90.00 90.90 91.40 0.00 0.00%
37.14 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00037140 72.55 89.45 89.95 0.00 0.00%
38.57 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00038570 58.35 88.05 88.50 0.00 0.00%
40.00 2016-01-15 call AAPL160115C00040000 82.50 86.60 87.10 0.00 0.00%
Note that if you call get_all_data first, this second call will happen much faster, as the data is cached.
If a given expiry date is not available, data for the next available expiry will be returned (January 15, 2015 in the above example).
Available expiry dates can be accessed from the expiry_dates property.
In [17]: aapl.expiry_dates
Out[17]:
[datetime.date(2015, 3, 27),
datetime.date(2015, 4, 2),
datetime.date(2015, 4, 10),
datetime.date(2015, 4, 17),
datetime.date(2015, 4, 24),
datetime.date(2015, 5, 1),
datetime.date(2015, 5, 15),
datetime.date(2015, 6, 19),
datetime.date(2015, 7, 17),
datetime.date(2015, 10, 16),
datetime.date(2016, 1, 15),
datetime.date(2017, 1, 20)]
In [18]: data = aapl.get_call_data(expiry=aapl.expiry_dates[0])
In [19]: data.iloc[0:5:, 0:5]
Out[19]:
Last Bid Ask Chg PctChg
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
90 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00090000 37.2 36.75 36.95 0.00 0.00%
95 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00095000 33.0 31.70 31.95 0.00 0.00%
100 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00100000 27.5 26.75 26.95 0.55 +2.10%
105 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00105000 23.0 21.75 21.95 0.00 0.00%
106 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00106000 18.5 20.75 20.95 0.00 0.00%
A list-like object containing dates can also be passed to the expiry parameter, returning options data for all expiry dates in the list.
In [20]: data = aapl.get_near_stock_price(expiry=aapl.expiry_dates[0:3])
In [21]: data.iloc[0:5:, 0:5]
Out[21]:
Last Bid Ask Chg PctChg
Strike Expiry Type Symbol
126 2015-04-02 call AAPL150402C00126000 2.32 2.17 2.20 0.21 +8.75%
2015-04-10 call AAPL150410C00126000 2.81 2.80 2.85 0.05 +1.59%
127 2015-03-27 call AAPL150327C00127000 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.17 +14.78%
2015-04-02 call AAPL150402C00127000 1.65 1.63 1.65 0.16 +8.79%
2015-04-10 call AAPL150410C00127000 2.23 2.22 2.26 0.44 +20.00%
The month and year parameters can be used to get all options data for a given month.
Google Finance¶
In [22]: import pandas.io.data as web
In [23]: import datetime
In [24]: start = datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1)
In [25]: end = datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 27)
In [26]: f=web.DataReader("F", 'google', start, end)
In [27]: f.ix['2010-01-04']
Out[27]:
Open 10.17
High 10.28
Low 10.05
Close 10.28
Volume 60855796.00
Name: 2010-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
FRED¶
In [28]: import pandas.io.data as web
In [29]: import datetime
In [30]: start = datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1)
In [31]: end = datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 27)
In [32]: gdp=web.DataReader("GDP", "fred", start, end)
In [33]: gdp.ix['2013-01-01']
Out[33]:
GDP 16502.4
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64
# Multiple series:
In [34]: inflation = web.DataReader(["CPIAUCSL", "CPILFESL"], "fred", start, end)
In [35]: inflation.head()
Out[35]:
CPIAUCSL CPILFESL
DATE
2010-01-01 217.488 220.633
2010-02-01 217.281 220.731
2010-03-01 217.353 220.783
2010-04-01 217.403 220.822
2010-05-01 217.290 220.962
Fama/French¶
Dataset names are listed at Fama/French Data Library.
In [36]: import pandas.io.data as web
In [37]: ip=web.DataReader("5_Industry_Portfolios", "famafrench")
In [38]: ip[4].ix[192607]
Out[38]:
1 Cnsmr 5.43
2 Manuf 2.73
3 HiTec 1.83
4 Hlth 1.77
5 Other 2.16
Name: 192607, dtype: float64
World Bank¶
pandas users can easily access thousands of panel data series from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators by using the wb I/O functions.
Indicators¶
Either from exploring the World Bank site, or using the search function included, every world bank indicator is accessible.
For example, if you wanted to compare the Gross Domestic Products per capita in constant dollars in North America, you would use the search function:
In [1]: from pandas.io import wb
In [2]: wb.search('gdp.*capita.*const').iloc[:,:2]
Out[2]:
id name
3242 GDPPCKD GDP per Capita, constant US$, millions
5143 NY.GDP.PCAP.KD GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)
5145 NY.GDP.PCAP.KN GDP per capita (constant LCU)
5147 NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 internation...
Then you would use the download function to acquire the data from the World Bank’s servers:
In [3]: dat = wb.download(indicator='NY.GDP.PCAP.KD', country=['US', 'CA', 'MX'], start=2005, end=2008)
In [4]: print(dat)
NY.GDP.PCAP.KD
country year
Canada 2008 36005.5004978584
2007 36182.9138439757
2006 35785.9698172849
2005 35087.8925933298
Mexico 2008 8113.10219480083
2007 8119.21298908649
2006 7961.96818458178
2005 7666.69796097264
United States 2008 43069.5819857208
2007 43635.5852068142
2006 43228.111147107
2005 42516.3934699993
The resulting dataset is a properly formatted DataFrame with a hierarchical index, so it is easy to apply .groupby transformations to it:
In [6]: dat['NY.GDP.PCAP.KD'].groupby(level=0).mean()
Out[6]:
country
Canada 35765.569188
Mexico 7965.245332
United States 43112.417952
dtype: float64
Now imagine you want to compare GDP to the share of people with cellphone contracts around the world.
In [7]: wb.search('cell.*%').iloc[:,:2]
Out[7]:
id name
3990 IT.CEL.SETS.FE.ZS Mobile cellular telephone users, female (% of ...
3991 IT.CEL.SETS.MA.ZS Mobile cellular telephone users, male (% of po...
4027 IT.MOB.COV.ZS Population coverage of mobile cellular telepho...
Notice that this second search was much faster than the first one because pandas now has a cached list of available data series.
In [13]: ind = ['NY.GDP.PCAP.KD', 'IT.MOB.COV.ZS']
In [14]: dat = wb.download(indicator=ind, country='all', start=2011, end=2011).dropna()
In [15]: dat.columns = ['gdp', 'cellphone']
In [16]: print(dat.tail())
gdp cellphone
country year
Swaziland 2011 2413.952853 94.9
Tunisia 2011 3687.340170 100.0
Uganda 2011 405.332501 100.0
Zambia 2011 767.911290 62.0
Zimbabwe 2011 419.236086 72.4
Finally, we use the statsmodels package to assess the relationship between our two variables using ordinary least squares regression. Unsurprisingly, populations in rich countries tend to use cellphones at a higher rate:
In [17]: import numpy as np
In [18]: import statsmodels.formula.api as smf
In [19]: mod = smf.ols("cellphone ~ np.log(gdp)", dat).fit()
In [20]: print(mod.summary())
OLS Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: cellphone R-squared: 0.297
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.274
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 13.08
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2013 Prob (F-statistic): 0.00105
Time: 15:24:42 Log-Likelihood: -139.16
No. Observations: 33 AIC: 282.3
Df Residuals: 31 BIC: 285.3
Df Model: 1
===============================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [95.0% Conf. Int.]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercept 16.5110 19.071 0.866 0.393 -22.384 55.406
np.log(gdp) 9.9333 2.747 3.616 0.001 4.331 15.535
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 36.054 Durbin-Watson: 2.071
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 119.133
Skew: -2.314 Prob(JB): 1.35e-26
Kurtosis: 11.077 Cond. No. 45.8
==============================================================================
Country Codes¶
New in version 0.15.1.
The country argument accepts a string or list of mixed two or three character ISO country codes, as well as dynamic World Bank exceptions to the ISO standards.
For a list of the the hard-coded country codes (used solely for error handling logic) see pandas.io.wb.country_codes.
Problematic Country Codes & Indicators¶
Note
The World Bank’s country list and indicators are dynamic. As of 0.15.1, wb.download() is more flexible. To achieve this, the warning and exception logic changed.
The world bank converts some country codes, in their response, which makes error checking by pandas difficult. Retired indicators still persist in the search.
Given the new flexibility of 0.15.1, improved error handling by the user may be necessary for fringe cases.
To help identify issues:
There are at least 4 kinds of country codes:
- Standard (2/3 digit ISO) - returns data, will warn and error properly.
- Non-standard (WB Exceptions) - returns data, but will falsely warn.
- Blank - silently missing from the response.
- Bad - causes the entire response from WB to fail, always exception inducing.
There are at least 3 kinds of indicators:
- Current - Returns data.
- Retired - Appears in search results, yet won’t return data.
- Bad - Will not return data.
Use the errors argument to control warnings and exceptions. Setting errors to ignore or warn, won’t stop failed responses. (ie, 100% bad indicators, or a single “bad” (#4 above) country code).
See docstrings for more info.
Google Analytics¶
The ga module provides a wrapper for Google Analytics API to simplify retrieving traffic data. Result sets are parsed into a pandas DataFrame with a shape and data types derived from the source table.
Configuring Access to Google Analytics¶
The first thing you need to do is to setup accesses to Google Analytics API. Follow the steps below:
- In the Google Developers Console
- enable the Analytics API
- create a new project
- create a new Client ID for an “Installed Application” (in the “APIs & auth / Credentials section” of the newly created project)
- download it (JSON file)
- On your machine
- rename it to client_secrets.json
- move it to the pandas/io module directory
The first time you use the read_ga() funtion, a browser window will open to ask you to authentify to the Google API. Do proceed.
Using the Google Analytics API¶
The following will fetch users and pageviews (metrics) data per day of the week, for the first semester of 2014, from a particular property.
import pandas.io.ga as ga
ga.read_ga(
account_id = "2360420",
profile_id = "19462946",
property_id = "UA-2360420-5",
metrics = ['users', 'pageviews'],
dimensions = ['dayOfWeek'],
start_date = "2014-01-01",
end_date = "2014-08-01",
index_col = 0,
filters = "pagePath=~aboutus;ga:country==France",
)
The only mandatory arguments are metrics, dimensions and start_date. We can only strongly recommend you to always specify the account_id, profile_id and property_id to avoid accessing the wrong data bucket in Google Analytics.
The index_col argument indicates which dimension(s) has to be taken as index.
The filters argument indicates the filtering to apply to the query. In the above example, the page has URL has to contain aboutus AND the visitors country has to be France.
Detailed informations in the followings: