Visualization¶

We use the standard convention for referencing the matplotlib API:

In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

The plots in this document are made using matplotlib’s ggplot style (new in version 1.4):

import matplotlib
matplotlib.style.use('ggplot')

If your version of matplotlib is 1.3 or lower, you can set display.mpl_style to 'default' with pd.options.display.mpl_style = 'default' to produce more appealing plots. When set, matplotlib’s rcParams are changed (globally!) to nicer-looking settings.

We provide the basics in pandas to easily create decent looking plots. See the ecosystem section for visualization libraries that go beyond the basics documented here.

Note

All calls to np.random are seeded with 123456.

Basic Plotting: `plot`¶

See the cookbook for some advanced strategies

The plot method on Series and DataFrame is just a simple wrapper around plt.plot():

In [2]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))

In [3]: ts = ts.cumsum()

In [4]: ts.plot()
Out[4]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xa072b22c>

If the index consists of dates, it calls gcf().autofmt_xdate() to try to format the x-axis nicely as per above.

On DataFrame, plot() is a convenience to plot all of the columns with labels:

In [5]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, columns=list('ABCD'))

In [6]: df = df.cumsum()

In [7]: plt.figure(); df.plot();

You can plot one column versus another using the x and y keywords in plot():

In [8]: df3 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=['B', 'C']).cumsum()

In [9]: df3['A'] = pd.Series(list(range(len(df))))

In [10]: df3.plot(x='A', y='B')
Out[10]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f4afcec>

Note

For more formatting and styling options, see below.

Other Plots¶

Plotting methods allow for a handful of plot styles other than the default Line plot. These methods can be provided as the kind keyword argument to plot(). These include:

‘bar’ or ‘barh’ for bar plots
‘hist’ for histogram
‘box’ for boxplot
‘kde’ or 'density' for density plots
‘area’ for area plots
‘scatter’ for scatter plots
‘hexbin’ for hexagonal bin plots
‘pie’ for pie plots

New in version 0.17.

You can also create these other plots using the methods DataFrame.plot.<kind> instead of providing the kind keyword argument. This makes it easier to discover plot methods and the specific arguments they use:

In [11]: df = pd.DataFrame()

In [12]: df.plot.<TAB>
df.plot.area     df.plot.barh     df.plot.density  df.plot.hist     df.plot.line     df.plot.scatter
df.plot.bar      df.plot.box      df.plot.hexbin   df.plot.kde      df.plot.pie

In addition to these kind s, there are the DataFrame.hist(), and DataFrame.boxplot() methods, which use a separate interface.

Finally, there are several plotting functions in pandas.tools.plotting that take a Series or DataFrame as an argument. These include

Scatter Matrix
Andrews Curves
Parallel Coordinates
Lag Plot
Autocorrelation Plot
Bootstrap Plot
RadViz

Plots may also be adorned with errorbars or tables.

Bar plots¶

For labeled, non-time series data, you may wish to produce a bar plot:

In [13]: plt.figure();

In [14]: df.ix[5].plot(kind='bar'); plt.axhline(0, color='k')
Out[14]: <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x9ed5332c>

Calling a DataFrame’s plot() method with kind='bar' produces a multiple bar plot:

In [15]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

In [16]: df2.plot(kind='bar');

To produce a stacked bar plot, pass stacked=True:

In [17]: df2.plot(kind='bar', stacked=True);

To get horizontal bar plots, pass kind='barh':

In [18]: df2.plot(kind='barh', stacked=True);

Histograms¶

New in version 0.15.0.

Histogram can be drawn specifying kind='hist'.

In [19]: df4 = pd.DataFrame({'a': np.random.randn(1000) + 1, 'b': np.random.randn(1000),
   ....:                     'c': np.random.randn(1000) - 1}, columns=['a', 'b', 'c'])
   ....: 

In [20]: plt.figure();

In [21]: df4.plot(kind='hist', alpha=0.5)
Out[21]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9dd6afac>

Histogram can be stacked by stacked=True. Bin size can be changed by bins keyword.

In [22]: plt.figure();

In [23]: df4.plot(kind='hist', stacked=True, bins=20)
Out[23]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9eac266c>

You can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib hist. For example, horizontal and cumulative histgram can be drawn by orientation='horizontal' and cumulative='True'.

In [24]: plt.figure();

In [25]: df4['a'].plot(kind='hist', orientation='horizontal', cumulative=True)
Out[25]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9bf3c0ec>

See the hist method and the matplotlib hist documentation for more.

The existing interface DataFrame.hist to plot histogram still can be used.

In [26]: plt.figure();

In [27]: df['A'].diff().hist()
Out[27]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9befa1cc>

DataFrame.hist() plots the histograms of the columns on multiple subplots:

In [28]: plt.figure()
Out[28]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9c1cf92c>

In [29]: df.diff().hist(color='k', alpha=0.5, bins=50)
Out[29]: 
array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9c1f3f2c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9c11e28c>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9c36616c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9c135ecc>]], dtype=object)

New in version 0.10.0.

The by keyword can be specified to plot grouped histograms:

In [30]: data = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000))

In [31]: data.hist(by=np.random.randint(0, 4, 1000), figsize=(6, 4))
Out[31]: 
array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9bf7c48c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9cd8982c>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9ce2ee2c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9cf062ac>]], dtype=object)

Box Plots¶

Boxplot can be drawn calling a Series and DataFrame.plot with kind='box', or DataFrame.boxplot to visualize the distribution of values within each column.

New in version 0.15.0.

plot method now supports kind='box' to draw boxplot.

For instance, here is a boxplot representing five trials of 10 observations of a uniform random variable on [0,1).

In [32]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 5), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'])

In [33]: df.plot(kind='box')
Out[33]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d8d438c>

Boxplot can be colorized by passing color keyword. You can pass a dict whose keys are boxes, whiskers, medians and caps. If some keys are missing in the dict, default colors are used for the corresponding artists. Also, boxplot has sym keyword to specify fliers style.

When you pass other type of arguments via color keyword, it will be directly passed to matplotlib for all the boxes, whiskers, medians and caps colorization.

The colors are applied to every boxes to be drawn. If you want more complicated colorization, you can get each drawn artists by passing return_type.

In [34]: color = dict(boxes='DarkGreen', whiskers='DarkOrange',
   ....:              medians='DarkBlue', caps='Gray')
   ....: 

In [35]: df.plot(kind='box', color=color, sym='r+')
Out[35]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d9a7bcc>

Also, you can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib boxplot. For example, horizontal and custom-positioned boxplot can be drawn by vert=False and positions keywords.

In [36]: df.plot(kind='box', vert=False, positions=[1, 4, 5, 6, 8])
Out[36]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d3f36cc>

See the boxplot method and the matplotlib boxplot documentation for more.

The existing interface DataFrame.boxplot to plot boxplot still can be used.

In [37]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10,5))

In [38]: plt.figure();

In [39]: bp = df.boxplot()

You can create a stratified boxplot using the by keyword argument to create groupings. For instance,

In [40]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10,2), columns=['Col1', 'Col2'] )

In [41]: df['X'] = pd.Series(['A','A','A','A','A','B','B','B','B','B'])

In [42]: plt.figure();

In [43]: bp = df.boxplot(by='X')

You can also pass a subset of columns to plot, as well as group by multiple columns:

In [44]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10,3), columns=['Col1', 'Col2', 'Col3'])

In [45]: df['X'] = pd.Series(['A','A','A','A','A','B','B','B','B','B'])

In [46]: df['Y'] = pd.Series(['A','B','A','B','A','B','A','B','A','B'])

In [47]: plt.figure();

In [48]: bp = df.boxplot(column=['Col1','Col2'], by=['X','Y'])

Basically, plot functions return matplotlib Axes as a return value. In boxplot, the return type can be changed by argument return_type, and whether the subplots is enabled (subplots=True in plot or by is specified in boxplot).

When subplots=False / by is None:

if return_type is 'dict', a dictionary containing the matplotlib Lines is returned. The keys are “boxes”, “caps”, “fliers”, “medians”, and “whiskers”.

This is the default of boxplot in historical reason. Note that plot(kind='box') returns Axes as default as the same as other plots.
if return_type is 'axes', a matplotlib Axes containing the boxplot is returned.
if return_type is 'both' a namedtuple containging the matplotlib Axes

and matplotlib Lines is returned

When subplots=True / by is some column of the DataFrame:

A dict of return_type is returned, where the keys are the columns of the DataFrame. The plot has a facet for each column of the DataFrame, with a separate box for each value of by.

Finally, when calling boxplot on a Groupby object, a dict of return_type is returned, where the keys are the same as the Groupby object. The plot has a facet for each key, with each facet containing a box for each column of the DataFrame.

In [49]: np.random.seed(1234)

In [50]: df_box = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(50, 2))

In [51]: df_box['g'] = np.random.choice(['A', 'B'], size=50)

In [52]: df_box.loc[df_box['g'] == 'B', 1] += 3

In [53]: bp = df_box.boxplot(by='g')

Compare to:

In [54]: bp = df_box.groupby('g').boxplot()

Area Plot¶

New in version 0.14.

You can create area plots with Series.plot and DataFrame.plot by passing kind='area'. Area plots are stacked by default. To produce stacked area plot, each column must be either all positive or all negative values.

When input data contains NaN, it will be automatically filled by 0. If you want to drop or fill by different values, use dataframe.dropna() or dataframe.fillna() before calling plot.

In [55]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

In [56]: df.plot(kind='area');

To produce an unstacked plot, pass stacked=False. Alpha value is set to 0.5 unless otherwise specified:

In [57]: df.plot(kind='area', stacked=False);

Scatter Plot¶

New in version 0.13.

You can create scatter plots with DataFrame.plot by passing kind='scatter'. Scatter plot requires numeric columns for x and y axis. These can be specified by x and y keywords each.

In [58]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(50, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

In [59]: df.plot(kind='scatter', x='a', y='b');

To plot multiple column groups in a single axes, repeat plot method specifying target ax. It is recommended to specify color and label keywords to distinguish each groups.

In [60]: ax = df.plot(kind='scatter', x='a', y='b',
   ....:              color='DarkBlue', label='Group 1');
   ....: 

In [61]: df.plot(kind='scatter', x='c', y='d',
   ....:         color='DarkGreen', label='Group 2', ax=ax);
   ....: 

The keyword c may be given as the name of a column to provide colors for each point:

In [62]: df.plot(kind='scatter', x='a', y='b', c='c', s=50);

You can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib scatter. Below example shows a bubble chart using a dataframe column values as bubble size.

In [63]: df.plot(kind='scatter', x='a', y='b', s=df['c']*200);

See the scatter method and the matplotlib scatter documentation for more.

Hexagonal Bin Plot¶

New in version 0.14.

You can create hexagonal bin plots with DataFrame.plot() and kind='hexbin'. Hexbin plots can be a useful alternative to scatter plots if your data are too dense to plot each point individually.

In [64]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=['a', 'b'])

In [65]: df['b'] = df['b'] + np.arange(1000)

In [66]: df.plot(kind='hexbin', x='a', y='b', gridsize=25)
Out[66]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f601c0c>

A useful keyword argument is gridsize; it controls the number of hexagons in the x-direction, and defaults to 100. A larger gridsize means more, smaller bins.

By default, a histogram of the counts around each (x, y) point is computed. You can specify alternative aggregations by passing values to the C and reduce_C_function arguments. C specifies the value at each (x, y) point and reduce_C_function is a function of one argument that reduces all the values in a bin to a single number (e.g. mean, max, sum, std). In this example the positions are given by columns a and b, while the value is given by column z. The bins are aggregated with numpy’s max function.

In [67]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=['a', 'b'])

In [68]: df['b'] = df['b'] = df['b'] + np.arange(1000)

In [69]: df['z'] = np.random.uniform(0, 3, 1000)

In [70]: df.plot(kind='hexbin', x='a', y='b', C='z', reduce_C_function=np.max,
   ....:         gridsize=25)
   ....: 
Out[70]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9c742a0c>

See the hexbin method and the matplotlib hexbin documentation for more.

Pie plot¶

New in version 0.14.

You can create a pie plot with DataFrame.plot() or Series.plot() with kind='pie'. If your data includes any NaN, they will be automatically filled with 0. A ValueError will be raised if there are any negative values in your data.

In [71]: series = pd.Series(3 * np.random.rand(4), index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], name='series')

In [72]: series.plot(kind='pie', figsize=(6, 6))
Out[72]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xa0094f8c>

For pie plots it’s best to use square figures, one’s with an equal aspect ratio. You can create the figure with equal width and height, or force the aspect ratio to be equal after plotting by calling ax.set_aspect('equal') on the returned axes object.

Note that pie plot with DataFrame requires that you either specify a target column by the y argument or subplots=True. When y is specified, pie plot of selected column will be drawn. If subplots=True is specified, pie plots for each column are drawn as subplots. A legend will be drawn in each pie plots by default; specify legend=False to hide it.

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(3 * np.random.rand(4, 2), index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], columns=['x', 'y'])

In [74]: df.plot(kind='pie', subplots=True, figsize=(8, 4))
Out[74]: 
array([<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9f2ecb6c>,
       <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9f138e8c>], dtype=object)

You can use the labels and colors keywords to specify the labels and colors of each wedge.

Warning

Most pandas plots use the the label and color arguments (note the lack of “s” on those). To be consistent with matplotlib.pyplot.pie() you must use labels and colors.

If you want to hide wedge labels, specify labels=None. If fontsize is specified, the value will be applied to wedge labels. Also, other keywords supported by matplotlib.pyplot.pie() can be used.

In [75]: series.plot(kind='pie', labels=['AA', 'BB', 'CC', 'DD'], colors=['r', 'g', 'b', 'c'],
   ....:             autopct='%.2f', fontsize=20, figsize=(6, 6))
   ....: 
Out[75]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xa004cdac>

If you pass values whose sum total is less than 1.0, matplotlib draws a semicircle.

In [76]: series = pd.Series([0.1] * 4, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], name='series2')

In [77]: series.plot(kind='pie', figsize=(6, 6))
Out[77]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xa00bf22c>

See the matplotlib pie documentation for more.

Plotting with Missing Data¶

Pandas tries to be pragmatic about plotting DataFrames or Series that contain missing data. Missing values are dropped, left out, or filled depending on the plot type.

Plot Type	NaN Handling
Line	Leave gaps at NaNs
Line (stacked)	Fill 0’s
Bar	Fill 0’s
Scatter	Drop NaNs
Histogram	Drop NaNs (column-wise)
Box	Drop NaNs (column-wise)
Area	Fill 0’s
KDE	Drop NaNs (column-wise)
Hexbin	Drop NaNs
Pie	Fill 0’s

If any of these defaults are not what you want, or if you want to be explicit about how missing values are handled, consider using fillna() or dropna() before plotting.

Plotting Tools¶

These functions can be imported from pandas.tools.plotting and take a Series or DataFrame as an argument.

Scatter Matrix Plot¶

New in version 0.7.3.

You can create a scatter plot matrix using the scatter_matrix method in pandas.tools.plotting:

In [78]: from pandas.tools.plotting import scatter_matrix

In [79]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

In [80]: scatter_matrix(df, alpha=0.2, figsize=(6, 6), diagonal='kde')
Out[80]: 
array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9c78882c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0xa68561cc>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0xa36ca82c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0xa00319ac>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9db0a72c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9f4172ac>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e0ace4c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9dfbf2ac>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e305d6c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9df3132c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e56230c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e6e54ac>],
       [<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e418a4c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e28d0ec>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9df7328c>,
        <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x9e94844c>]], dtype=object)

Density Plot¶

New in version 0.8.0.

You can create density plots using the Series/DataFrame.plot and setting kind='kde':

In [81]: ser = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000))

In [82]: ser.plot(kind='kde')
Out[82]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d446f8c>

Andrews Curves¶

Andrews curves allow one to plot multivariate data as a large number of curves that are created using the attributes of samples as coefficients for Fourier series. By coloring these curves differently for each class it is possible to visualize data clustering. Curves belonging to samples of the same class will usually be closer together and form larger structures.

Note: The “Iris” dataset is available here.

In [83]: from pandas.tools.plotting import andrews_curves

In [84]: data = pd.read_csv('data/iris.data')

In [85]: plt.figure()
Out[85]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9f37174c>

In [86]: andrews_curves(data, 'Name')
Out[86]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f37114c>

Parallel Coordinates¶

Parallel coordinates is a plotting technique for plotting multivariate data. It allows one to see clusters in data and to estimate other statistics visually. Using parallel coordinates points are represented as connected line segments. Each vertical line represents one attribute. One set of connected line segments represents one data point. Points that tend to cluster will appear closer together.

In [87]: from pandas.tools.plotting import parallel_coordinates

In [88]: data = pd.read_csv('data/iris.data')

In [89]: plt.figure()
Out[89]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9d07bb0c>

In [90]: parallel_coordinates(data, 'Name')
Out[90]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d3143cc>

Lag Plot¶

Lag plots are used to check if a data set or time series is random. Random data should not exhibit any structure in the lag plot. Non-random structure implies that the underlying data are not random.

In [91]: from pandas.tools.plotting import lag_plot

In [92]: plt.figure()
Out[92]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9ff8778c>

In [93]: data = pd.Series(0.1 * np.random.rand(1000) +
   ....:     0.9 * np.sin(np.linspace(-99 * np.pi, 99 * np.pi, num=1000)))
   ....: 

In [94]: lag_plot(data)
Out[94]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9ff8cecc>

Autocorrelation Plot¶

Autocorrelation plots are often used for checking randomness in time series. This is done by computing autocorrelations for data values at varying time lags. If time series is random, such autocorrelations should be near zero for any and all time-lag separations. If time series is non-random then one or more of the autocorrelations will be significantly non-zero. The horizontal lines displayed in the plot correspond to 95% and 99% confidence bands. The dashed line is 99% confidence band.

In [95]: from pandas.tools.plotting import autocorrelation_plot

In [96]: plt.figure()
Out[96]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9f162aac>

In [97]: data = pd.Series(0.7 * np.random.rand(1000) +
   ....:    0.3 * np.sin(np.linspace(-9 * np.pi, 9 * np.pi, num=1000)))
   ....: 

In [98]: autocorrelation_plot(data)
Out[98]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9ff8e4ac>

Bootstrap Plot¶

Bootstrap plots are used to visually assess the uncertainty of a statistic, such as mean, median, midrange, etc. A random subset of a specified size is selected from a data set, the statistic in question is computed for this subset and the process is repeated a specified number of times. Resulting plots and histograms are what constitutes the bootstrap plot.

In [99]: from pandas.tools.plotting import bootstrap_plot

In [100]: data = pd.Series(np.random.rand(1000))

In [101]: bootstrap_plot(data, size=50, samples=500, color='grey')
Out[101]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9f35f68c>

RadViz¶

RadViz is a way of visualizing multi-variate data. It is based on a simple spring tension minimization algorithm. Basically you set up a bunch of points in a plane. In our case they are equally spaced on a unit circle. Each point represents a single attribute. You then pretend that each sample in the data set is attached to each of these points by a spring, the stiffness of which is proportional to the numerical value of that attribute (they are normalized to unit interval). The point in the plane, where our sample settles to (where the forces acting on our sample are at an equilibrium) is where a dot representing our sample will be drawn. Depending on which class that sample belongs it will be colored differently.

Note: The “Iris” dataset is available here.

In [102]: from pandas.tools.plotting import radviz

In [103]: data = pd.read_csv('data/iris.data')

In [104]: plt.figure()
Out[104]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9d1f64cc>

In [105]: radviz(data, 'Name')
Out[105]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d1f6cac>

Plot Formatting¶

Most plotting methods have a set of keyword arguments that control the layout and formatting of the returned plot:

In [106]: plt.figure(); ts.plot(style='k--', label='Series');

For each kind of plot (e.g. line, bar, scatter) any additional arguments keywords are passed along to the corresponding matplotlib function (ax.plot(), ax.bar(), ax.scatter()). These can be used to control additional styling, beyond what pandas provides.

Controlling the Legend¶

You may set the legend argument to False to hide the legend, which is shown by default.

In [107]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, columns=list('ABCD'))

In [108]: df = df.cumsum()

In [109]: df.plot(legend=False)
Out[109]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9d32bb2c>

Scales¶

You may pass logy to get a log-scale Y axis.

In [110]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))

In [111]: ts = np.exp(ts.cumsum())

In [112]: ts.plot(logy=True)
Out[112]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9fa03e0c>

See also the logx and loglog keyword arguments.

Plotting on a Secondary Y-axis¶

To plot data on a secondary y-axis, use the secondary_y keyword:

In [113]: df.A.plot()
Out[113]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9c83338c>

In [114]: df.B.plot(secondary_y=True, style='g')
Out[114]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f4f0e6c>

To plot some columns in a DataFrame, give the column names to the secondary_y keyword:

In [115]: plt.figure()
Out[115]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9e643c4c>

In [116]: ax = df.plot(secondary_y=['A', 'B'])

In [117]: ax.set_ylabel('CD scale')
Out[117]: <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9c5097ac>

In [118]: ax.right_ax.set_ylabel('AB scale')
Out[118]: <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9cbab60c>

Note that the columns plotted on the secondary y-axis is automatically marked with “(right)” in the legend. To turn off the automatic marking, use the mark_right=False keyword:

In [119]: plt.figure()
Out[119]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9f63d5cc>

In [120]: df.plot(secondary_y=['A', 'B'], mark_right=False)
Out[120]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f0ac20c>

_images/frame_plot_secondary_y_no_right.png

Suppressing Tick Resolution Adjustment¶

pandas includes automatic tick resolution adjustment for regular frequency time-series data. For limited cases where pandas cannot infer the frequency information (e.g., in an externally created twinx), you can choose to suppress this behavior for alignment purposes.

Here is the default behavior, notice how the x-axis tick labelling is performed:

In [121]: plt.figure()
Out[121]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9f8ba82c>

In [122]: df.A.plot()
Out[122]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9f8b612c>

Using the x_compat parameter, you can suppress this behavior:

In [123]: plt.figure()
Out[123]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9c9bc66c>

In [124]: df.A.plot(x_compat=True)
Out[124]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9c9c7eec>

If you have more than one plot that needs to be suppressed, the use method in pandas.plot_params can be used in a with statement:

In [125]: plt.figure()
Out[125]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9d4e030c>

In [126]: with pd.plot_params.use('x_compat', True):
   .....:     df.A.plot(color='r')
   .....:     df.B.plot(color='g')
   .....:     df.C.plot(color='b')
   .....: 

Subplots¶

Each Series in a DataFrame can be plotted on a different axis with the subplots keyword:

In [127]: df.plot(subplots=True, figsize=(6, 6));

Using Layout and Targeting Multiple Axes¶

The layout of subplots can be specified by layout keyword. It can accept (rows, columns). The layout keyword can be used in hist and boxplot also. If input is invalid, ValueError will be raised.

The number of axes which can be contained by rows x columns specified by layout must be larger than the number of required subplots. If layout can contain more axes than required, blank axes are not drawn. Similar to a numpy array’s reshape method, you can use -1 for one dimension to automatically calculate the number of rows or columns needed, given the other.

In [128]: df.plot(subplots=True, layout=(2, 3), figsize=(6, 6), sharex=False);

The above example is identical to using

In [129]: df.plot(subplots=True, layout=(2, -1), figsize=(6, 6), sharex=False);

The required number of columns (3) is inferred from the number of series to plot and the given number of rows (2).

Also, you can pass multiple axes created beforehand as list-like via ax keyword. This allows to use more complicated layout. The passed axes must be the same number as the subplots being drawn.

When multiple axes are passed via ax keyword, layout, sharex and sharey keywords don’t affect to the output. You should explicitly pass sharex=False and sharey=False, otherwise you will see a warning.

In [130]: fig, axes = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(6, 6));

In [131]: plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.5, hspace=0.5);

In [132]: target1 = [axes[0][0], axes[1][1], axes[2][2], axes[3][3]]

In [133]: target2 = [axes[3][0], axes[2][1], axes[1][2], axes[0][3]]

In [134]: df.plot(subplots=True, ax=target1, legend=False, sharex=False, sharey=False);

In [135]: (-df).plot(subplots=True, ax=target2, legend=False, sharex=False, sharey=False);

_images/frame_plot_subplots_multi_ax.png

Another option is passing an ax argument to Series.plot() to plot on a particular axis:

In [136]: fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2)

In [137]: df['A'].plot(ax=axes[0,0]); axes[0,0].set_title('A');

In [138]: df['B'].plot(ax=axes[0,1]); axes[0,1].set_title('B');

In [139]: df['C'].plot(ax=axes[1,0]); axes[1,0].set_title('C');

In [140]: df['D'].plot(ax=axes[1,1]); axes[1,1].set_title('D');

Plotting With Error Bars¶

New in version 0.14.

Plotting with error bars is now supported in the DataFrame.plot() and Series.plot()

Horizontal and vertical errorbars can be supplied to the xerr and yerr keyword arguments to plot(). The error values can be specified using a variety of formats.

As a DataFrame or dict of errors with column names matching the columns attribute of the plotting DataFrame or matching the name attribute of the Series
As a str indicating which of the columns of plotting DataFrame contain the error values
As raw values (list, tuple, or np.ndarray). Must be the same length as the plotting DataFrame/Series

Asymmetrical error bars are also supported, however raw error values must be provided in this case. For a M length Series, a Mx2 array should be provided indicating lower and upper (or left and right) errors. For a MxN DataFrame, asymmetrical errors should be in a Mx2xN array.

Here is an example of one way to easily plot group means with standard deviations from the raw data.

# Generate the data
In [141]: ix3 = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([['a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b'], ['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar']], names=['letter', 'word'])

In [142]: df3 = pd.DataFrame({'data1': [3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2], 'data2': [6, 5, 7, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5]}, index=ix3)

# Group by index labels and take the means and standard deviations for each group
In [143]: gp3 = df3.groupby(level=('letter', 'word'))

In [144]: means = gp3.mean()

In [145]: errors = gp3.std()

In [146]: means
Out[146]: 
             data1  data2
letter word              
a      bar     3.5    6.0
       foo     2.5    5.5
b      bar     2.5    5.5
       foo     3.0    4.5

In [147]: errors
Out[147]: 
                data1     data2
letter word                    
a      bar   0.707107  1.414214
       foo   0.707107  0.707107
b      bar   0.707107  0.707107
       foo   1.414214  0.707107

# Plot
In [148]: fig, ax = plt.subplots()

In [149]: means.plot(yerr=errors, ax=ax, kind='bar')
Out[149]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9eb668ac>

Plotting Tables¶

New in version 0.14.

Plotting with matplotlib table is now supported in DataFrame.plot() and Series.plot() with a table keyword. The table keyword can accept bool, DataFrame or Series. The simple way to draw a table is to specify table=True. Data will be transposed to meet matplotlib’s default layout.

In [150]: fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

In [151]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(5, 3), columns=['a', 'b', 'c'])

In [152]: ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)   # Hide Ticks

In [153]: df.plot(table=True, ax=ax)
Out[153]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9aaaf3ac>

Also, you can pass different DataFrame or Series for table keyword. The data will be drawn as displayed in print method (not transposed automatically). If required, it should be transposed manually as below example.

In [154]: fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

In [155]: ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)   # Hide Ticks

In [156]: df.plot(table=np.round(df.T, 2), ax=ax)
Out[156]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x97574d4c>

Finally, there is a helper function pandas.tools.plotting.table to create a table from DataFrame and Series, and add it to an matplotlib.Axes. This function can accept keywords which matplotlib table has.

In [157]: from pandas.tools.plotting import table

In [158]: fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

In [159]: table(ax, np.round(df.describe(), 2),
   .....:       loc='upper right', colWidths=[0.2, 0.2, 0.2])
   .....: 
Out[159]: <matplotlib.table.Table at 0x971fea4c>

In [160]: df.plot(ax=ax, ylim=(0, 2), legend=None)
Out[160]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x973e2a8c>

Note: You can get table instances on the axes using axes.tables property for further decorations. See the matplotlib table documentation for more.

Colormaps¶

A potential issue when plotting a large number of columns is that it can be difficult to distinguish some series due to repetition in the default colors. To remedy this, DataFrame plotting supports the use of the colormap= argument, which accepts either a Matplotlib colormap or a string that is a name of a colormap registered with Matplotlib. A visualization of the default matplotlib colormaps is available here.

As matplotlib does not directly support colormaps for line-based plots, the colors are selected based on an even spacing determined by the number of columns in the DataFrame. There is no consideration made for background color, so some colormaps will produce lines that are not easily visible.

To use the cubehelix colormap, we can simply pass 'cubehelix' to colormap=

In [161]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 10), index=ts.index)

In [162]: df = df.cumsum()

In [163]: plt.figure()
Out[163]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9700a86c>

In [164]: df.plot(colormap='cubehelix')
Out[164]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x9701190c>

or we can pass the colormap itself

In [165]: from matplotlib import cm

In [166]: plt.figure()
Out[166]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x96f2c18c>

In [167]: df.plot(colormap=cm.cubehelix)
Out[167]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x96f951ec>

Colormaps can also be used other plot types, like bar charts:

In [168]: dd = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 10)).applymap(abs)

In [169]: dd = dd.cumsum()

In [170]: plt.figure()
Out[170]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x96d64d0c>

In [171]: dd.plot(kind='bar', colormap='Greens')
Out[171]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x96d4cf6c>

Parallel coordinates charts:

In [172]: plt.figure()
Out[172]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x96a74bac>

In [173]: parallel_coordinates(data, 'Name', colormap='gist_rainbow')
Out[173]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x96a18c8c>

Andrews curves charts:

In [174]: plt.figure()
Out[174]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x964f2fcc>

In [175]: andrews_curves(data, 'Name', colormap='winter')
Out[175]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x964f26ec>

Plotting directly with matplotlib¶

In some situations it may still be preferable or necessary to prepare plots directly with matplotlib, for instance when a certain type of plot or customization is not (yet) supported by pandas. Series and DataFrame objects behave like arrays and can therefore be passed directly to matplotlib functions without explicit casts.

pandas also automatically registers formatters and locators that recognize date indices, thereby extending date and time support to practically all plot types available in matplotlib. Although this formatting does not provide the same level of refinement you would get when plotting via pandas, it can be faster when plotting a large number of points.

Note

The speed up for large data sets only applies to pandas 0.14.0 and later.

In [176]: price = pd.Series(np.random.randn(150).cumsum(),
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2000-1-1', periods=150, freq='B'))
   .....: 

In [177]: ma = pd.rolling_mean(price, 20)

In [178]: mstd = pd.rolling_std(price, 20)

In [179]: plt.figure()
Out[179]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x961921ac>

In [180]: plt.plot(price.index, price, 'k')
Out[180]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x9619ed2c>]

In [181]: plt.plot(ma.index, ma, 'b')
Out[181]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x96269bcc>]

In [182]: plt.fill_between(mstd.index, ma-2*mstd, ma+2*mstd, color='b', alpha=0.2)
Out[182]: <matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection at 0x96269e4c>

Trellis plotting interface¶

Warning

The rplot trellis plotting interface is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. We refer to external packages like seaborn for similar but more refined functionality.

The docs below include some example on how to convert your existing code to seaborn.

Note

The tips data set can be downloaded here. Once you download it execute

tips_data = pd.read_csv('tips.csv')

from the directory where you downloaded the file.

We import the rplot API:

In [183]: import pandas.tools.rplot as rplot

Examples¶

RPlot was an API for producing Trellis plots. These plots allow you toµ arrange data in a rectangular grid by values of certain attributes. In the example below, data from the tips data set is arranged by the attributes ‘sex’ and ‘smoker’. Since both of those attributes can take on one of two values, the resulting grid has two columns and two rows. A histogram is displayed for each cell of the grid.

In [184]: plt.figure()
Out[184]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9629676c>

In [185]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [186]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', 'smoker']))

In [187]: plot.add(rplot.GeomHistogram())

In [188]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[188]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9629676c>

A similar plot can be made with seaborn using the FacetGrid object, resulting in the following image:

import seaborn as sns
g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker")
g.map(plt.hist, "total_bill")

Example below is the same as previous except the plot is set to kernel density estimation. A seaborn example is included beneath.

In [189]: plt.figure()
Out[189]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9622bf4c>

In [190]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [191]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', 'smoker']))

In [192]: plot.add(rplot.GeomDensity())

In [193]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[193]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9622bf4c>

g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker")
g.map(sns.kdeplot, "total_bill")

The plot below shows that it is possible to have two or more plots for the same data displayed on the same Trellis grid cell.

In [194]: plt.figure()
Out[194]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x96cfa28c>

In [195]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [196]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', 'smoker']))

In [197]: plot.add(rplot.GeomScatter())

In [198]: plot.add(rplot.GeomPolyFit(degree=2))

In [199]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[199]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x96cfa28c>

A seaborn equivalent for a simple scatter plot:

g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker")
g.map(plt.scatter, "total_bill", "tip")

and with a regression line, using the dedicated seaborn regplot function:

g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker", margin_titles=True)
g.map(sns.regplot, "total_bill", "tip", order=2)

Below is a similar plot but with 2D kernel density estimation plot superimposed, followed by a seaborn equivalent:

In [200]: plt.figure()
Out[200]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9584f78c>

In [201]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [202]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', 'smoker']))

In [203]: plot.add(rplot.GeomScatter())

In [204]: plot.add(rplot.GeomDensity2D())

In [205]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[205]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9584f78c>

g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker")
g.map(plt.scatter, "total_bill", "tip")
g.map(sns.kdeplot, "total_bill", "tip")

It is possible to only use one attribute for grouping data. The example above only uses ‘sex’ attribute. If the second grouping attribute is not specified, the plots will be arranged in a column.

In [206]: plt.figure()
Out[206]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x957dedac>

In [207]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [208]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', '.']))

In [209]: plot.add(rplot.GeomHistogram())

In [210]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[210]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x957dedac>

If the first grouping attribute is not specified the plots will be arranged in a row.

In [211]: plt.figure()
Out[211]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9561344c>

In [212]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='total_bill', y='tip')

In [213]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['.', 'smoker']))

In [214]: plot.add(rplot.GeomHistogram())

In [215]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[215]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9561344c>

In seaborn, this can also be done by only specifying one of the row and col arguments.

In the example below the colour and shape of the scatter plot graphical objects is mapped to ‘day’ and ‘size’ attributes respectively. You use scale objects to specify these mappings. The list of scale classes is given below with initialization arguments for quick reference.

In [216]: plt.figure()
Out[216]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9512178c>

In [217]: plot = rplot.RPlot(tips_data, x='tip', y='total_bill')

In [218]: plot.add(rplot.TrellisGrid(['sex', 'smoker']))

In [219]: plot.add(rplot.GeomPoint(size=80.0, colour=rplot.ScaleRandomColour('day'), shape=rplot.ScaleShape('size'), alpha=1.0))

In [220]: plot.render(plt.gcf())
Out[220]: <matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9512178c>

This can also be done in seaborn, at least for 3 variables:

g = sns.FacetGrid(tips_data, row="sex", col="smoker", hue="day")
g.map(plt.scatter, "tip", "total_bill")
g.add_legend()

Table Of Contents

Search

Visualization¶

Basic Plotting: `plot`¶

Other Plots¶

Bar plots¶

Histograms¶

Box Plots¶

Area Plot¶

Scatter Plot¶

Hexagonal Bin Plot¶

Pie plot¶

Plotting with Missing Data¶

Plotting Tools¶

Scatter Matrix Plot¶

Density Plot¶

Andrews Curves¶

Parallel Coordinates¶

Lag Plot¶

Autocorrelation Plot¶

Bootstrap Plot¶

RadViz¶

Plot Formatting¶

Controlling the Legend¶

Scales¶

Plotting on a Secondary Y-axis¶

Suppressing Tick Resolution Adjustment¶

Subplots¶

Using Layout and Targeting Multiple Axes¶

Plotting With Error Bars¶

Plotting Tables¶

Colormaps¶

Plotting directly with matplotlib¶

Trellis plotting interface¶

Examples¶

Navigation

Table Of Contents

Search

Visualization¶

Basic Plotting: plot¶

Other Plots¶

Bar plots¶

Histograms¶

Box Plots¶

Area Plot¶

Scatter Plot¶

Hexagonal Bin Plot¶

Pie plot¶

Plotting with Missing Data¶

Plotting Tools¶

Scatter Matrix Plot¶

Density Plot¶

Andrews Curves¶

Parallel Coordinates¶

Lag Plot¶

Autocorrelation Plot¶

Bootstrap Plot¶

RadViz¶

Plot Formatting¶

Controlling the Legend¶

Scales¶

Plotting on a Secondary Y-axis¶

Suppressing Tick Resolution Adjustment¶

Subplots¶

Using Layout and Targeting Multiple Axes¶

Plotting With Error Bars¶

Plotting Tables¶

Colormaps¶

Plotting directly with matplotlib¶

Trellis plotting interface¶

Examples¶

Navigation

Basic Plotting: `plot`¶