Duplicate Labels#

Index objects are not required to be unique; you can have duplicate row or column labels. This may be a bit confusing at first. If you’re familiar with SQL, you know that row labels are similar to a primary key on a table, and you would never want duplicates in a SQL table. But one of pandas’ roles is to clean messy, real-world data before it goes to some downstream system. And real-world data has duplicates, even in fields that are supposed to be unique.

This section describes how duplicate labels change the behavior of certain operations, and how prevent duplicates from arising during operations, or to detect them if they do.

In [1]: import pandas as pd

In [2]: import numpy as np

Consequences of Duplicate Labels#

Some pandas methods (Series.reindex() for example) just don’t work with duplicates present. The output can’t be determined, and so pandas raises.

In [3]: s1 = pd.Series([0, 1, 2], index=["a", "b", "b"])

In [4]: s1.reindex(["a", "b", "c"])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [4], line 1
----> 1 s1.reindex(["a", "b", "c"])

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/series.py:5094, in Series.reindex(self, *args, **kwargs)
   5090         raise TypeError(
   5091             "'index' passed as both positional and keyword argument"
   5092         )
   5093     kwargs.update({"index": index})
-> 5094 return super().reindex(**kwargs)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:5289, in NDFrame.reindex(self, *args, **kwargs)
   5286     return self._reindex_multi(axes, copy, fill_value)
   5288 # perform the reindex on the axes
-> 5289 return self._reindex_axes(
   5290     axes, level, limit, tolerance, method, fill_value, copy
   5291 ).__finalize__(self, method="reindex")

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:5309, in NDFrame._reindex_axes(self, axes, level, limit, tolerance, method, fill_value, copy)
   5304 new_index, indexer = ax.reindex(
   5305     labels, level=level, limit=limit, tolerance=tolerance, method=method
   5306 )
   5308 axis = self._get_axis_number(a)
-> 5309 obj = obj._reindex_with_indexers(
   5310     {axis: [new_index, indexer]},
   5311     fill_value=fill_value,
   5312     copy=copy,
   5313     allow_dups=False,
   5314 )
   5315 # If we've made a copy once, no need to make another one
   5316 copy = False

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:5355, in NDFrame._reindex_with_indexers(self, reindexers, fill_value, copy, allow_dups)
   5352     indexer = ensure_platform_int(indexer)
   5354 # TODO: speed up on homogeneous DataFrame objects (see _reindex_multi)
-> 5355 new_data = new_data.reindex_indexer(
   5356     index,
   5357     indexer,
   5358     axis=baxis,
   5359     fill_value=fill_value,
   5360     allow_dups=allow_dups,
   5361     copy=copy,
   5362 )
   5363 # If we've made a copy once, no need to make another one
   5364 copy = False

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/internals/managers.py:739, in BaseBlockManager.reindex_indexer(self, new_axis, indexer, axis, fill_value, allow_dups, copy, only_slice, use_na_proxy)
    737 # some axes don't allow reindexing with dups
    738 if not allow_dups:
--> 739     self.axes[axis]._validate_can_reindex(indexer)
    741 if axis >= self.ndim:
    742     raise IndexError("Requested axis not found in manager")

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:4359, in Index._validate_can_reindex(self, indexer)
   4357 # trying to reindex on an axis with duplicates
   4358 if not self._index_as_unique and len(indexer):
-> 4359     raise ValueError("cannot reindex on an axis with duplicate labels")

ValueError: cannot reindex on an axis with duplicate labels

Other methods, like indexing, can give very surprising results. Typically indexing with a scalar will reduce dimensionality. Slicing a DataFrame with a scalar will return a Series. Slicing a Series with a scalar will return a scalar. But with duplicates, this isn’t the case.

In [5]: df1 = pd.DataFrame([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], columns=["A", "A", "B"])

In [6]: df1
Out[6]: 
   A  A  B
0  0  1  2
1  3  4  5

We have duplicates in the columns. If we slice 'B', we get back a Series

In [7]: df1["B"]  # a series
Out[7]: 
0    2
1    5
Name: B, dtype: int64

But slicing 'A' returns a DataFrame

In [8]: df1["A"]  # a DataFrame
Out[8]: 
   A  A
0  0  1
1  3  4

This applies to row labels as well

In [9]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({"A": [0, 1, 2]}, index=["a", "a", "b"])

In [10]: df2
Out[10]: 
   A
a  0
a  1
b  2

In [11]: df2.loc["b", "A"]  # a scalar
Out[11]: 2

In [12]: df2.loc["a", "A"]  # a Series
Out[12]: 
a    0
a    1
Name: A, dtype: int64

Duplicate Label Detection#

You can check whether an Index (storing the row or column labels) is unique with Index.is_unique:

In [13]: df2
Out[13]: 
   A
a  0
a  1
b  2

In [14]: df2.index.is_unique
Out[14]: False

In [15]: df2.columns.is_unique
Out[15]: True

Note

Checking whether an index is unique is somewhat expensive for large datasets. pandas does cache this result, so re-checking on the same index is very fast.

Index.duplicated() will return a boolean ndarray indicating whether a label is repeated.

In [16]: df2.index.duplicated()
Out[16]: array([False,  True, False])

Which can be used as a boolean filter to drop duplicate rows.

In [17]: df2.loc[~df2.index.duplicated(), :]
Out[17]: 
   A
a  0
b  2

If you need additional logic to handle duplicate labels, rather than just dropping the repeats, using groupby() on the index is a common trick. For example, we’ll resolve duplicates by taking the average of all rows with the same label.

In [18]: df2.groupby(level=0).mean()
Out[18]: 
     A
a  0.5
b  2.0

Disallowing Duplicate Labels#

New in version 1.2.0.

As noted above, handling duplicates is an important feature when reading in raw data. That said, you may want to avoid introducing duplicates as part of a data processing pipeline (from methods like pandas.concat(), rename(), etc.). Both Series and DataFrame disallow duplicate labels by calling .set_flags(allows_duplicate_labels=False). (the default is to allow them). If there are duplicate labels, an exception will be raised.

In [19]: pd.Series([0, 1, 2], index=["a", "b", "b"]).set_flags(allows_duplicate_labels=False)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DuplicateLabelError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [19], line 1
----> 1 pd.Series([0, 1, 2], index=["a", "b", "b"]).set_flags(allows_duplicate_labels=False)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:442, in NDFrame.set_flags(self, copy, allows_duplicate_labels)
    440 df = self.copy(deep=copy)
    441 if allows_duplicate_labels is not None:
--> 442     df.flags["allows_duplicate_labels"] = allows_duplicate_labels
    443 return df

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/flags.py:107, in Flags.__setitem__(self, key, value)
    105 if key not in self._keys:
    106     raise ValueError(f"Unknown flag {key}. Must be one of {self._keys}")
--> 107 setattr(self, key, value)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/flags.py:94, in Flags.allows_duplicate_labels(self, value)
     92 if not value:
     93     for ax in obj.axes:
---> 94         ax._maybe_check_unique()
     96 self._allows_duplicate_labels = value

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:752, in Index._maybe_check_unique(self)
    749 duplicates = self._format_duplicate_message()
    750 msg += f"\n{duplicates}"
--> 752 raise DuplicateLabelError(msg)

DuplicateLabelError: Index has duplicates.
      positions
label          
b        [1, 2]

This applies to both row and column labels for a DataFrame

In [20]: pd.DataFrame([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], columns=["A", "B", "C"],).set_flags(
   ....:     allows_duplicate_labels=False
   ....: )
   ....: 
Out[20]: 
   A  B  C
0  0  1  2
1  3  4  5

This attribute can be checked or set with allows_duplicate_labels, which indicates whether that object can have duplicate labels.

In [21]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [0, 1, 2, 3]}, index=["x", "y", "X", "Y"]).set_flags(
   ....:     allows_duplicate_labels=False
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [22]: df
Out[22]: 
   A
x  0
y  1
X  2
Y  3

In [23]: df.flags.allows_duplicate_labels
Out[23]: False

DataFrame.set_flags() can be used to return a new DataFrame with attributes like allows_duplicate_labels set to some value

In [24]: df2 = df.set_flags(allows_duplicate_labels=True)

In [25]: df2.flags.allows_duplicate_labels
Out[25]: True

The new DataFrame returned is a view on the same data as the old DataFrame. Or the property can just be set directly on the same object

In [26]: df2.flags.allows_duplicate_labels = False

In [27]: df2.flags.allows_duplicate_labels
Out[27]: False

When processing raw, messy data you might initially read in the messy data (which potentially has duplicate labels), deduplicate, and then disallow duplicates going forward, to ensure that your data pipeline doesn’t introduce duplicates.

>>> raw = pd.read_csv("...")
>>> deduplicated = raw.groupby(level=0).first()  # remove duplicates
>>> deduplicated.flags.allows_duplicate_labels = False  # disallow going forward

Setting allows_duplicate_labels=False on a Series or DataFrame with duplicate labels or performing an operation that introduces duplicate labels on a Series or DataFrame that disallows duplicates will raise an errors.DuplicateLabelError.

In [28]: df.rename(str.upper)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DuplicateLabelError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [28], line 1
----> 1 df.rename(str.upper)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/frame.py:5570, in DataFrame.rename(self, mapper, index, columns, axis, copy, inplace, level, errors)
   5451 def rename(
   5452     self,
   5453     mapper: Renamer | None = None,
   (...)
   5461     errors: IgnoreRaise = "ignore",
   5462 ) -> DataFrame | None:
   5463     """
   5464     Alter axes labels.
   5465 
   (...)
   5568     4  3  6
   5569     """
-> 5570     return super()._rename(
   5571         mapper=mapper,
   5572         index=index,
   5573         columns=columns,
   5574         axis=axis,
   5575         copy=copy,
   5576         inplace=inplace,
   5577         level=level,
   5578         errors=errors,
   5579     )

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:1112, in NDFrame._rename(self, mapper, index, columns, axis, copy, inplace, level, errors)
   1110     return None
   1111 else:
-> 1112     return result.__finalize__(self, method="rename")

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:5868, in NDFrame.__finalize__(self, other, method, **kwargs)
   5865 for name in other.attrs:
   5866     self.attrs[name] = other.attrs[name]
-> 5868 self.flags.allows_duplicate_labels = other.flags.allows_duplicate_labels
   5869 # For subclasses using _metadata.
   5870 for name in set(self._metadata) & set(other._metadata):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/flags.py:94, in Flags.allows_duplicate_labels(self, value)
     92 if not value:
     93     for ax in obj.axes:
---> 94         ax._maybe_check_unique()
     96 self._allows_duplicate_labels = value

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:752, in Index._maybe_check_unique(self)
    749 duplicates = self._format_duplicate_message()
    750 msg += f"\n{duplicates}"
--> 752 raise DuplicateLabelError(msg)

DuplicateLabelError: Index has duplicates.
      positions
label          
X        [0, 2]
Y        [1, 3]

This error message contains the labels that are duplicated, and the numeric positions of all the duplicates (including the “original”) in the Series or DataFrame

Duplicate Label Propagation#

In general, disallowing duplicates is “sticky”. It’s preserved through operations.

In [29]: s1 = pd.Series(0, index=["a", "b"]).set_flags(allows_duplicate_labels=False)

In [30]: s1
Out[30]: 
a    0
b    0
dtype: int64

In [31]: s1.head().rename({"a": "b"})
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DuplicateLabelError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [31], line 1
----> 1 s1.head().rename({"a": "b"})

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/series.py:4997, in Series.rename(self, index, axis, copy, inplace, level, errors)
   4990     axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
   4992 if callable(index) or is_dict_like(index):
   4993     # error: Argument 1 to "_rename" of "NDFrame" has incompatible
   4994     # type "Union[Union[Mapping[Any, Hashable], Callable[[Any],
   4995     # Hashable]], Hashable, None]"; expected "Union[Mapping[Any,
   4996     # Hashable], Callable[[Any], Hashable], None]"
-> 4997     return super()._rename(
   4998         index,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
   4999         copy=copy,
   5000         inplace=inplace,
   5001         level=level,
   5002         errors=errors,
   5003     )
   5004 else:
   5005     return self._set_name(index, inplace=inplace)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:1112, in NDFrame._rename(self, mapper, index, columns, axis, copy, inplace, level, errors)
   1110     return None
   1111 else:
-> 1112     return result.__finalize__(self, method="rename")

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:5868, in NDFrame.__finalize__(self, other, method, **kwargs)
   5865 for name in other.attrs:
   5866     self.attrs[name] = other.attrs[name]
-> 5868 self.flags.allows_duplicate_labels = other.flags.allows_duplicate_labels
   5869 # For subclasses using _metadata.
   5870 for name in set(self._metadata) & set(other._metadata):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/flags.py:94, in Flags.allows_duplicate_labels(self, value)
     92 if not value:
     93     for ax in obj.axes:
---> 94         ax._maybe_check_unique()
     96 self._allows_duplicate_labels = value

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:752, in Index._maybe_check_unique(self)
    749 duplicates = self._format_duplicate_message()
    750 msg += f"\n{duplicates}"
--> 752 raise DuplicateLabelError(msg)

DuplicateLabelError: Index has duplicates.
      positions
label          
b        [0, 1]

Warning

This is an experimental feature. Currently, many methods fail to propagate the allows_duplicate_labels value. In future versions it is expected that every method taking or returning one or more DataFrame or Series objects will propagate allows_duplicate_labels.