DataFrame

Constructor

DataFrame([data, index, columns, dtype, copy])

Two-dimensional, size-mutable, potentially heterogeneous tabular data.

Attributes and underlying data

Axes

DataFrame.index	The index (row labels) of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.columns	The column labels of the DataFrame.

DataFrame.dtypes	Return the dtypes in the DataFrame.
DataFrame.info([verbose, buf, max_cols, ...])	Print a concise summary of a DataFrame.
DataFrame.select_dtypes([include, exclude])	Return a subset of the DataFrame's columns based on the column dtypes.
DataFrame.values	Return a Numpy representation of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.axes	Return a list representing the axes of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.ndim	Return an int representing the number of axes / array dimensions.
DataFrame.size	Return an int representing the number of elements in this object.
DataFrame.shape	Return a tuple representing the dimensionality of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.memory_usage([index, deep])	Return the memory usage of each column in bytes.
DataFrame.empty	Indicator whether Series/DataFrame is empty.
DataFrame.set_flags(*[, copy, ...])	Return a new object with updated flags.

Conversion

DataFrame.astype(dtype[, copy, errors])	Cast a pandas object to a specified dtype dtype.
DataFrame.convert_dtypes([infer_objects, ...])	Convert columns to the best possible dtypes using dtypes supporting pd.NA.
DataFrame.infer_objects([copy])	Attempt to infer better dtypes for object columns.
DataFrame.copy([deep])	Make a copy of this object's indices and data.
DataFrame.bool()	(DEPRECATED) Return the bool of a single element Series or DataFrame.

Indexing, iteration

DataFrame.head([n])	Return the first n rows.
DataFrame.at	Access a single value for a row/column label pair.
DataFrame.iat	Access a single value for a row/column pair by integer position.
DataFrame.loc	Access a group of rows and columns by label(s) or a boolean array.
DataFrame.iloc	Purely integer-location based indexing for selection by position.
DataFrame.insert(loc, column, value[, ...])	Insert column into DataFrame at specified location.
DataFrame.__iter__()	Iterate over info axis.
DataFrame.items()	Iterate over (column name, Series) pairs.
DataFrame.keys()	Get the 'info axis' (see Indexing for more).
DataFrame.iterrows()	Iterate over DataFrame rows as (index, Series) pairs.
DataFrame.itertuples([index, name])	Iterate over DataFrame rows as namedtuples.
DataFrame.pop(item)	Return item and drop from frame.
DataFrame.tail([n])	Return the last n rows.
DataFrame.xs(key[, axis, level, drop_level])	Return cross-section from the Series/DataFrame.
DataFrame.get(key[, default])	Get item from object for given key (ex: DataFrame column).
DataFrame.isin(values)	Whether each element in the DataFrame is contained in values.
DataFrame.where(cond[, other, inplace, ...])	Replace values where the condition is False.
DataFrame.mask(cond[, other, inplace, axis, ...])	Replace values where the condition is True.
DataFrame.query(expr, *[, inplace])	Query the columns of a DataFrame with a boolean expression.

For more information on .at, .iat, .loc, and .iloc, see the indexing documentation.

Binary operator functions

DataFrame.__add__(other)	Get Addition of DataFrame and other, column-wise.
DataFrame.add(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Addition of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator add).
DataFrame.sub(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Subtraction of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator sub).
DataFrame.mul(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Multiplication of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator mul).
DataFrame.div(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Floating division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator truediv).
DataFrame.truediv(other[, axis, level, ...])	Get Floating division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator truediv).
DataFrame.floordiv(other[, axis, level, ...])	Get Integer division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator floordiv).
DataFrame.mod(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Modulo of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator mod).
DataFrame.pow(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Exponential power of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator pow).
DataFrame.dot(other)	Compute the matrix multiplication between the DataFrame and other.
DataFrame.radd(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Addition of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator radd).
DataFrame.rsub(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Subtraction of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rsub).
DataFrame.rmul(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Multiplication of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rmul).
DataFrame.rdiv(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Floating division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rtruediv).
DataFrame.rtruediv(other[, axis, level, ...])	Get Floating division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rtruediv).
DataFrame.rfloordiv(other[, axis, level, ...])	Get Integer division of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rfloordiv).
DataFrame.rmod(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Modulo of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rmod).
DataFrame.rpow(other[, axis, level, fill_value])	Get Exponential power of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator rpow).
DataFrame.lt(other[, axis, level])	Get Less than of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator lt).
DataFrame.gt(other[, axis, level])	Get Greater than of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator gt).
DataFrame.le(other[, axis, level])	Get Less than or equal to of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator le).
DataFrame.ge(other[, axis, level])	Get Greater than or equal to of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator ge).
DataFrame.ne(other[, axis, level])	Get Not equal to of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator ne).
DataFrame.eq(other[, axis, level])	Get Equal to of dataframe and other, element-wise (binary operator eq).
DataFrame.combine(other, func[, fill_value, ...])	Perform column-wise combine with another DataFrame.
DataFrame.combine_first(other)	Update null elements with value in the same location in other.

Function application, GroupBy & window

DataFrame.apply(func[, axis, raw, ...])	Apply a function along an axis of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.map(func[, na_action])	Apply a function to a Dataframe elementwise.
DataFrame.applymap(func[, na_action])	(DEPRECATED) Apply a function to a Dataframe elementwise.
DataFrame.pipe(func, *args, **kwargs)	Apply chainable functions that expect Series or DataFrames.
DataFrame.agg([func, axis])	Aggregate using one or more operations over the specified axis.
DataFrame.aggregate([func, axis])	Aggregate using one or more operations over the specified axis.
DataFrame.transform(func[, axis])	Call func on self producing a DataFrame with the same axis shape as self.
DataFrame.groupby([by, axis, level, ...])	Group DataFrame using a mapper or by a Series of columns.
DataFrame.rolling(window[, min_periods, ...])	Provide rolling window calculations.
DataFrame.expanding([min_periods, axis, method])	Provide expanding window calculations.
DataFrame.ewm([com, span, halflife, alpha, ...])	Provide exponentially weighted (EW) calculations.

Computations / descriptive stats

DataFrame.abs()	Return a Series/DataFrame with absolute numeric value of each element.
DataFrame.all([axis, bool_only, skipna])	Return whether all elements are True, potentially over an axis.
DataFrame.any(*[, axis, bool_only, skipna])	Return whether any element is True, potentially over an axis.
DataFrame.clip([lower, upper, axis, inplace])	Trim values at input threshold(s).
DataFrame.corr([method, min_periods, ...])	Compute pairwise correlation of columns, excluding NA/null values.
DataFrame.corrwith(other[, axis, drop, ...])	Compute pairwise correlation.
DataFrame.count([axis, numeric_only])	Count non-NA cells for each column or row.
DataFrame.cov([min_periods, ddof, numeric_only])	Compute pairwise covariance of columns, excluding NA/null values.
DataFrame.cummax([axis, skipna])	Return cumulative maximum over a DataFrame or Series axis.
DataFrame.cummin([axis, skipna])	Return cumulative minimum over a DataFrame or Series axis.
DataFrame.cumprod([axis, skipna])	Return cumulative product over a DataFrame or Series axis.
DataFrame.cumsum([axis, skipna])	Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis.
DataFrame.describe([percentiles, include, ...])	Generate descriptive statistics.
DataFrame.diff([periods, axis])	First discrete difference of element.
DataFrame.eval(expr, *[, inplace])	Evaluate a string describing operations on DataFrame columns.
DataFrame.kurt([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return unbiased kurtosis over requested axis.
DataFrame.kurtosis([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return unbiased kurtosis over requested axis.
DataFrame.max([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return the maximum of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.mean([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return the mean of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.median([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return the median of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.min([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return the minimum of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.mode([axis, numeric_only, dropna])	Get the mode(s) of each element along the selected axis.
DataFrame.pct_change([periods, fill_method, ...])	Fractional change between the current and a prior element.
DataFrame.prod([axis, skipna, numeric_only, ...])	Return the product of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.product([axis, skipna, ...])	Return the product of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.quantile([q, axis, numeric_only, ...])	Return values at the given quantile over requested axis.
DataFrame.rank([axis, method, numeric_only, ...])	Compute numerical data ranks (1 through n) along axis.
DataFrame.round([decimals])	Round a DataFrame to a variable number of decimal places.
DataFrame.sem([axis, skipna, ddof, numeric_only])	Return unbiased standard error of the mean over requested axis.
DataFrame.skew([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return unbiased skew over requested axis.
DataFrame.sum([axis, skipna, numeric_only, ...])	Return the sum of the values over the requested axis.
DataFrame.std([axis, skipna, ddof, numeric_only])	Return sample standard deviation over requested axis.
DataFrame.var([axis, skipna, ddof, numeric_only])	Return unbiased variance over requested axis.
DataFrame.nunique([axis, dropna])	Count number of distinct elements in specified axis.
DataFrame.value_counts([subset, normalize, ...])	Return a Series containing the frequency of each distinct row in the Dataframe.

Reindexing / selection / label manipulation

DataFrame.add_prefix(prefix[, axis])	Prefix labels with string prefix.
DataFrame.add_suffix(suffix[, axis])	Suffix labels with string suffix.
DataFrame.align(other[, join, axis, level, ...])	Align two objects on their axes with the specified join method.
DataFrame.at_time(time[, asof, axis])	Select values at particular time of day (e.g., 9:30AM).
DataFrame.between_time(start_time, end_time)	Select values between particular times of the day (e.g., 9:00-9:30 AM).
DataFrame.drop([labels, axis, index, ...])	Drop specified labels from rows or columns.
DataFrame.drop_duplicates([subset, keep, ...])	Return DataFrame with duplicate rows removed.
DataFrame.duplicated([subset, keep])	Return boolean Series denoting duplicate rows.
DataFrame.equals(other)	Test whether two objects contain the same elements.
DataFrame.filter([items, like, regex, axis])	Subset the dataframe rows or columns according to the specified index labels.
DataFrame.first(offset)	Select initial periods of time series data based on a date offset.
DataFrame.head([n])	Return the first n rows.
DataFrame.idxmax([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return index of first occurrence of maximum over requested axis.
DataFrame.idxmin([axis, skipna, numeric_only])	Return index of first occurrence of minimum over requested axis.
DataFrame.last(offset)	Select final periods of time series data based on a date offset.
DataFrame.reindex([labels, index, columns, ...])	Conform DataFrame to new index with optional filling logic.
DataFrame.reindex_like(other[, method, ...])	Return an object with matching indices as other object.
DataFrame.rename([mapper, index, columns, ...])	Rename columns or index labels.
DataFrame.rename_axis([mapper, index, ...])	Set the name of the axis for the index or columns.
DataFrame.reset_index([level, drop, ...])	Reset the index, or a level of it.
DataFrame.sample([n, frac, replace, ...])	Return a random sample of items from an axis of object.
DataFrame.set_axis(labels, *[, axis, copy])	Assign desired index to given axis.
DataFrame.set_index(keys, *[, drop, append, ...])	Set the DataFrame index using existing columns.
DataFrame.tail([n])	Return the last n rows.
DataFrame.take(indices[, axis])	Return the elements in the given positional indices along an axis.
DataFrame.truncate([before, after, axis, copy])	Truncate a Series or DataFrame before and after some index value.

Missing data handling

DataFrame.backfill(*[, axis, inplace, ...])	(DEPRECATED) Fill NA/NaN values by using the next valid observation to fill the gap.
DataFrame.bfill(*[, axis, inplace, limit, ...])	Fill NA/NaN values by using the next valid observation to fill the gap.
DataFrame.dropna(*[, axis, how, thresh, ...])	Remove missing values.
DataFrame.ffill(*[, axis, inplace, limit, ...])	Fill NA/NaN values by propagating the last valid observation to next valid.
DataFrame.fillna([value, method, axis, ...])	Fill NA/NaN values using the specified method.
DataFrame.interpolate([method, axis, limit, ...])	Fill NaN values using an interpolation method.
DataFrame.isna()	Detect missing values.
DataFrame.isnull()	DataFrame.isnull is an alias for DataFrame.isna.
DataFrame.notna()	Detect existing (non-missing) values.
DataFrame.notnull()	DataFrame.notnull is an alias for DataFrame.notna.
DataFrame.pad(*[, axis, inplace, limit, ...])	(DEPRECATED) Fill NA/NaN values by propagating the last valid observation to next valid.
DataFrame.replace([to_replace, value, ...])	Replace values given in to_replace with value.

Reshaping, sorting, transposing

DataFrame.droplevel(level[, axis])	Return Series/DataFrame with requested index / column level(s) removed.
DataFrame.pivot(*, columns[, index, values])	Return reshaped DataFrame organized by given index / column values.
DataFrame.pivot_table([values, index, ...])	Create a spreadsheet-style pivot table as a DataFrame.
DataFrame.reorder_levels(order[, axis])	Rearrange index levels using input order.
DataFrame.sort_values(by, *[, axis, ...])	Sort by the values along either axis.
DataFrame.sort_index(*[, axis, level, ...])	Sort object by labels (along an axis).
DataFrame.nlargest(n, columns[, keep])	Return the first n rows ordered by columns in descending order.
DataFrame.nsmallest(n, columns[, keep])	Return the first n rows ordered by columns in ascending order.
DataFrame.swaplevel([i, j, axis])	Swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex.
DataFrame.stack([level, dropna, sort, ...])	Stack the prescribed level(s) from columns to index.
DataFrame.unstack([level, fill_value, sort])	Pivot a level of the (necessarily hierarchical) index labels.
DataFrame.swapaxes(axis1, axis2[, copy])	(DEPRECATED) Interchange axes and swap values axes appropriately.
DataFrame.melt([id_vars, value_vars, ...])	Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format, optionally leaving identifiers set.
DataFrame.explode(column[, ignore_index])	Transform each element of a list-like to a row, replicating index values.
DataFrame.squeeze([axis])	Squeeze 1 dimensional axis objects into scalars.
DataFrame.to_xarray()	Return an xarray object from the pandas object.
DataFrame.T	The transpose of the DataFrame.
DataFrame.transpose(*args[, copy])	Transpose index and columns.

Combining / comparing / joining / merging

DataFrame.assign(**kwargs)	Assign new columns to a DataFrame.
DataFrame.compare(other[, align_axis, ...])	Compare to another DataFrame and show the differences.
DataFrame.join(other[, on, how, lsuffix, ...])	Join columns of another DataFrame.
DataFrame.merge(right[, how, on, left_on, ...])	Merge DataFrame or named Series objects with a database-style join.
DataFrame.update(other[, join, overwrite, ...])	Modify in place using non-NA values from another DataFrame.

Time Series-related

DataFrame.asfreq(freq[, method, how, ...])	Convert time series to specified frequency.
DataFrame.asof(where[, subset])	Return the last row(s) without any NaNs before where.
DataFrame.shift([periods, freq, axis, ...])	Shift index by desired number of periods with an optional time freq.
DataFrame.first_valid_index()	Return index for first non-NA value or None, if no non-NA value is found.
DataFrame.last_valid_index()	Return index for last non-NA value or None, if no non-NA value is found.
DataFrame.resample(rule[, axis, closed, ...])	Resample time-series data.
DataFrame.to_period([freq, axis, copy])	Convert DataFrame from DatetimeIndex to PeriodIndex.
DataFrame.to_timestamp([freq, how, axis, copy])	Cast to DatetimeIndex of timestamps, at beginning of period.
DataFrame.tz_convert(tz[, axis, level, copy])	Convert tz-aware axis to target time zone.
DataFrame.tz_localize(tz[, axis, level, ...])	Localize tz-naive index of a Series or DataFrame to target time zone.

Flags

Flags refer to attributes of the pandas object. Properties of the dataset (like the date is was recorded, the URL it was accessed from, etc.) should be stored in DataFrame.attrs.

Flags(obj, *, allows_duplicate_labels)

Flags that apply to pandas objects.

Metadata

DataFrame.attrs is a dictionary for storing global metadata for this DataFrame.

Warning

DataFrame.attrs is considered experimental and may change without warning.

DataFrame.attrs

Dictionary of global attributes of this dataset.

Plotting

DataFrame.plot is both a callable method and a namespace attribute for specific plotting methods of the form DataFrame.plot.<kind>.

DataFrame.plot([x, y, kind, ax, ....])

DataFrame plotting accessor and method

DataFrame.plot.area([x, y, stacked])	Draw a stacked area plot.
DataFrame.plot.bar([x, y])	Vertical bar plot.
DataFrame.plot.barh([x, y])	Make a horizontal bar plot.
DataFrame.plot.box([by])	Make a box plot of the DataFrame columns.
DataFrame.plot.density([bw_method, ind])	Generate Kernel Density Estimate plot using Gaussian kernels.
DataFrame.plot.hexbin(x, y[, C, ...])	Generate a hexagonal binning plot.
DataFrame.plot.hist([by, bins])	Draw one histogram of the DataFrame's columns.
DataFrame.plot.kde([bw_method, ind])	Generate Kernel Density Estimate plot using Gaussian kernels.
DataFrame.plot.line([x, y])	Plot Series or DataFrame as lines.
DataFrame.plot.pie(**kwargs)	Generate a pie plot.
DataFrame.plot.scatter(x, y[, s, c])	Create a scatter plot with varying marker point size and color.

DataFrame.boxplot([column, by, ax, ...])	Make a box plot from DataFrame columns.
DataFrame.hist([column, by, grid, ...])	Make a histogram of the DataFrame's columns.

Sparse accessor

Sparse-dtype specific methods and attributes are provided under the DataFrame.sparse accessor.

DataFrame.sparse.density

Ratio of non-sparse points to total (dense) data points.

DataFrame.sparse.from_spmatrix(data[, ...])	Create a new DataFrame from a scipy sparse matrix.
DataFrame.sparse.to_coo()	Return the contents of the frame as a sparse SciPy COO matrix.
DataFrame.sparse.to_dense()	Convert a DataFrame with sparse values to dense.

Serialization / IO / conversion

DataFrame.from_dict(data[, orient, dtype, ...])	Construct DataFrame from dict of array-like or dicts.
DataFrame.from_records(data[, index, ...])	Convert structured or record ndarray to DataFrame.
DataFrame.to_orc([path, engine, index, ...])	Write a DataFrame to the ORC format.
DataFrame.to_parquet([path, engine, ...])	Write a DataFrame to the binary parquet format.
DataFrame.to_pickle(path[, compression, ...])	Pickle (serialize) object to file.
DataFrame.to_csv([path_or_buf, sep, na_rep, ...])	Write object to a comma-separated values (csv) file.
DataFrame.to_hdf(path_or_buf, key[, mode, ...])	Write the contained data to an HDF5 file using HDFStore.
DataFrame.to_sql(name, con, *[, schema, ...])	Write records stored in a DataFrame to a SQL database.
DataFrame.to_dict([orient, into, index])	Convert the DataFrame to a dictionary.
DataFrame.to_excel(excel_writer[, ...])	Write object to an Excel sheet.
DataFrame.to_json([path_or_buf, orient, ...])	Convert the object to a JSON string.
DataFrame.to_html([buf, columns, col_space, ...])	Render a DataFrame as an HTML table.
DataFrame.to_feather(path, **kwargs)	Write a DataFrame to the binary Feather format.
DataFrame.to_latex([buf, columns, header, ...])	Render object to a LaTeX tabular, longtable, or nested table.
DataFrame.to_stata(path, *[, convert_dates, ...])	Export DataFrame object to Stata dta format.
DataFrame.to_gbq(destination_table[, ...])	Write a DataFrame to a Google BigQuery table.
DataFrame.to_records([index, column_dtypes, ...])	Convert DataFrame to a NumPy record array.
DataFrame.to_string([buf, columns, ...])	Render a DataFrame to a console-friendly tabular output.
DataFrame.to_clipboard([excel, sep])	Copy object to the system clipboard.
DataFrame.to_markdown([buf, mode, index, ...])	Print DataFrame in Markdown-friendly format.
DataFrame.style	Returns a Styler object.
DataFrame.__dataframe__([nan_as_null, ...])	Return the dataframe interchange object implementing the interchange protocol.