Merge, join, and concatenate¶

pandas provides various facilities for easily combining together Series, DataFrame, and Panel objects with various kinds of set logic for the indexes and relational algebra functionality in the case of join / merge-type operations.

Concatenating objects¶

The concat function (in the main pandas namespace) does all of the heavy lifting of performing concatenation operations along an axis while performing optional set logic (union or intersection) of the indexes (if any) on the other axes. Note that I say “if any” because there is only a single possible axis of concatenation for Series.

Before diving into all of the details of concat and what it can do, here is a simple example:

In [1]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [2]: df

          0         1         2         3
0  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
1  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
3  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
4 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
5 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
6  0.404705  0.577046 -1.715002 -1.039268
7 -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
8  1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
9  0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
[10 rows x 4 columns]

# break it into pieces
In [3]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [4]: concatenated = concat(pieces)

In [5]: concatenated

          0         1         2         3
0  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
1  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
3  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
4 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
5 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
6  0.404705  0.577046 -1.715002 -1.039268
7 -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
8  1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
9  0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
[10 rows x 4 columns]

Like its sibling function on ndarrays, numpy.concatenate, pandas.concat takes a list or dict of homogeneously-typed objects and concatenates them with some configurable handling of “what to do with the other axes”:

concat(objs, axis=0, join='outer', join_axes=None, ignore_index=False,
       keys=None, levels=None, names=None, verify_integrity=False)

objs: list or dict of Series, DataFrame, or Panel objects. If a dict is passed, the sorted keys will be used as the keys argument, unless it is passed, in which case the values will be selected (see below)
axis: {0, 1, ...}, default 0. The axis to concatenate along
join: {‘inner’, ‘outer’}, default ‘outer’. How to handle indexes on other axis(es). Outer for union and inner for intersection
join_axes: list of Index objects. Specific indexes to use for the other n - 1 axes instead of performing inner/outer set logic
keys: sequence, default None. Construct hierarchical index using the passed keys as the outermost level If multiple levels passed, should contain tuples.
levels : list of sequences, default None. If keys passed, specific levels to use for the resulting MultiIndex. Otherwise they will be inferred from the keys
names: list, default None. Names for the levels in the resulting hierarchical index
verify_integrity: boolean, default False. Check whether the new concatenated axis contains duplicates. This can be very expensive relative to the actual data concatenation
ignore_index : boolean, default False. If True, do not use the index values on the concatenation axis. The resulting axis will be labeled 0, ..., n - 1. This is useful if you are concatenating objects where the concatenation axis does not have meaningful indexing information.

Without a little bit of context and example many of these arguments don’t make much sense. Let’s take the above example. Suppose we wanted to associate specific keys with each of the pieces of the chopped up DataFrame. We can do this using the keys argument:

In [6]: concatenated = concat(pieces, keys=['first', 'second', 'third'])

In [7]: concatenated

                 0         1         2         3
first  0  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
       1  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
       2 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
second 3  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
       4 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
       5 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
       6  0.404705  0.577046 -1.715002 -1.039268
third  7 -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
       8  1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
       9  0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
[10 rows x 4 columns]

As you can see (if you’ve read the rest of the documentation), the resulting object’s index has a hierarchical index. This means that we can now do stuff like select out each chunk by key:

In [8]: concatenated.ix['second']

          0         1         2         3
3  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
4 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
5 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
6  0.404705  0.577046 -1.715002 -1.039268
[4 rows x 4 columns]

It’s not a stretch to see how this can be very useful. More detail on this functionality below.

Set logic on the other axes¶

When gluing together multiple DataFrames (or Panels or...), for example, you have a choice of how to handle the other axes (other than the one being concatenated). This can be done in three ways:

Take the (sorted) union of them all, join='outer'. This is the default option as it results in zero information loss.
Take the intersection, join='inner'.
Use a specific index (in the case of DataFrame) or indexes (in the case of Panel or future higher dimensional objects), i.e. the join_axes argument

Here is a example of each of these methods. First, the default join='outer' behavior:

In [9]: from pandas.util.testing import rands

In [10]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
   ....:                index=[rands(5) for _ in range(10)])
   ....: 

In [11]: df

              a         b         c         d
BHkBd -1.294524  0.413738  0.276662 -0.472035
EGwLY -0.013960 -0.362543 -0.006154 -0.923061
cfQfg  0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412  2.565646
x7ydC  1.431256  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
AkWRi  0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317
DAwKy -0.076467 -1.187678  1.130127 -1.436737
aS28X -1.413681  1.607920  1.024180  0.569605
2eKTg  0.875906 -2.211372  0.974466 -2.006747
uZXOF -0.410001 -0.078638  0.545952 -1.219217
xG35F -1.226825  0.769804 -1.281247 -0.727707
[10 rows x 4 columns]

In [12]: concat([df.ix[:7, ['a', 'b']], df.ix[2:-2, ['c']],
   ....:         df.ix[-7:, ['d']]], axis=1)
   ....: 

              a         b         c         d
2eKTg       NaN       NaN  0.974466 -2.006747
AkWRi  0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317
BHkBd -1.294524  0.413738       NaN       NaN
DAwKy -0.076467 -1.187678  1.130127 -1.436737
EGwLY -0.013960 -0.362543       NaN       NaN
aS28X -1.413681  1.607920  1.024180  0.569605
cfQfg  0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412       NaN
uZXOF       NaN       NaN       NaN -1.219217
x7ydC  1.431256  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
xG35F       NaN       NaN       NaN -0.727707
[10 rows x 4 columns]

Note that the row indexes have been unioned and sorted. Here is the same thing with join='inner':

In [13]: concat([df.ix[:7, ['a', 'b']], df.ix[2:-2, ['c']],
   ....:         df.ix[-7:, ['d']]], axis=1, join='inner')
   ....: 

              a         b         c         d
x7ydC  1.431256  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
AkWRi  0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317
DAwKy -0.076467 -1.187678  1.130127 -1.436737
aS28X -1.413681  1.607920  1.024180  0.569605
[4 rows x 4 columns]

Lastly, suppose we just wanted to reuse the exact index from the original DataFrame:

In [14]: concat([df.ix[:7, ['a', 'b']], df.ix[2:-2, ['c']],
   ....:         df.ix[-7:, ['d']]], axis=1, join_axes=[df.index])
   ....: 

              a         b         c         d
BHkBd -1.294524  0.413738       NaN       NaN
EGwLY -0.013960 -0.362543       NaN       NaN
cfQfg  0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412       NaN
x7ydC  1.431256  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
AkWRi  0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317
DAwKy -0.076467 -1.187678  1.130127 -1.436737
aS28X -1.413681  1.607920  1.024180  0.569605
2eKTg       NaN       NaN  0.974466 -2.006747
uZXOF       NaN       NaN       NaN -1.219217
xG35F       NaN       NaN       NaN -0.727707
[10 rows x 4 columns]

Concatenating using `append`¶

A useful shortcut to concat are the append instance methods on Series and DataFrame. These methods actually predated concat. They concatenate along axis=0, namely the index:

In [15]: s = Series(randn(10), index=np.arange(10))

In [16]: s1 = s[:5] # note we're slicing with labels here, so 5 is included

In [17]: s2 = s[6:]

In [18]: s1.append(s2)

0   -0.121306
1   -0.097883
2    0.695775
3    0.341734
4    0.959726
6   -0.619976
7    0.149748
8   -0.732339
9    0.687738
dtype: float64

In the case of DataFrame, the indexes must be disjoint but the columns do not need to be:

In [19]: df = DataFrame(randn(6, 4), index=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=6),
   ....:                columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
   ....: 

In [20]: df1 = df.ix[:3]

In [21]: df2 = df.ix[3:, :3]

In [22]: df1

                   A         B         C         D
2000-01-01  0.176444  0.403310 -0.154951  0.301624
2000-01-02 -2.179861 -1.369849 -0.954208  1.462696
2000-01-03 -1.743161 -0.826591 -0.345352  1.314232
[3 rows x 4 columns]

In [23]: df2

                   A         B         C
2000-01-04  0.690579  0.995761  2.396780
2000-01-05  3.357427 -0.317441 -1.236269
2000-01-06 -0.487602 -0.082240 -2.182937
[3 rows x 3 columns]

In [24]: df1.append(df2)

                   A         B         C         D
2000-01-01  0.176444  0.403310 -0.154951  0.301624
2000-01-02 -2.179861 -1.369849 -0.954208  1.462696
2000-01-03 -1.743161 -0.826591 -0.345352  1.314232
2000-01-04  0.690579  0.995761  2.396780       NaN
2000-01-05  3.357427 -0.317441 -1.236269       NaN
2000-01-06 -0.487602 -0.082240 -2.182937       NaN
[6 rows x 4 columns]

append may take multiple objects to concatenate:

In [25]: df1 = df.ix[:2]

In [26]: df2 = df.ix[2:4]

In [27]: df3 = df.ix[4:]

In [28]: df1.append([df2,df3])

                   A         B         C         D
2000-01-01  0.176444  0.403310 -0.154951  0.301624
2000-01-02 -2.179861 -1.369849 -0.954208  1.462696
2000-01-03 -1.743161 -0.826591 -0.345352  1.314232
2000-01-04  0.690579  0.995761  2.396780  0.014871
2000-01-05  3.357427 -0.317441 -1.236269  0.896171
2000-01-06 -0.487602 -0.082240 -2.182937  0.380396
[6 rows x 4 columns]

Note

Unlike list.append method, which appends to the original list and returns nothing, append here does not modify df1 and returns its copy with df2 appended.

Ignoring indexes on the concatenation axis¶

For DataFrames which don’t have a meaningful index, you may wish to append them and ignore the fact that they may have overlapping indexes:

In [29]: df1 = DataFrame(randn(6, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

In [30]: df2 = DataFrame(randn(3, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

In [31]: df1

          A         B         C         D
0  0.084844  0.432390  1.519970 -0.493662
1  0.600178  0.274230  0.132885 -0.023688
2  2.410179  1.450520  0.206053 -0.251905
3 -2.213588  1.063327  1.266143  0.299368
4 -0.863838  0.408204 -1.048089 -0.025747
5 -0.988387  0.094055  1.262731  1.289997
[6 rows x 4 columns]

In [32]: df2

          A         B         C         D
0  0.082423 -0.055758  0.536580 -0.489682
1  0.369374 -0.034571 -2.484478 -0.281461
2  0.030711  0.109121  1.126203 -0.977349
[3 rows x 4 columns]

To do this, use the ignore_index argument:

In [33]: concat([df1, df2], ignore_index=True)

          A         B         C         D
0.084844  0.432390  1.519970 -0.493662
0.600178  0.274230  0.132885 -0.023688
2.410179  1.450520  0.206053 -0.251905
-2.213588  1.063327  1.266143  0.299368
-0.863838  0.408204 -1.048089 -0.025747
-0.988387  0.094055  1.262731  1.289997
0.082423 -0.055758  0.536580 -0.489682
0.369374 -0.034571 -2.484478 -0.281461
0.030711  0.109121  1.126203 -0.977349
[9 rows x 4 columns]

This is also a valid argument to DataFrame.append:

In [34]: df1.append(df2, ignore_index=True)

          A         B         C         D
0.084844  0.432390  1.519970 -0.493662
0.600178  0.274230  0.132885 -0.023688
2.410179  1.450520  0.206053 -0.251905
-2.213588  1.063327  1.266143  0.299368
-0.863838  0.408204 -1.048089 -0.025747
-0.988387  0.094055  1.262731  1.289997
0.082423 -0.055758  0.536580 -0.489682
0.369374 -0.034571 -2.484478 -0.281461
0.030711  0.109121  1.126203 -0.977349
[9 rows x 4 columns]

More concatenating with group keys¶

Let’s consider a variation on the first example presented:

In [35]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [36]: df

          0         1         2         3
0  1.474071 -0.064034 -1.282782  0.781836
1 -1.071357  0.441153  2.353925  0.583787
2  0.221471 -0.744471  0.758527  1.729689
3 -0.964980 -0.845696 -1.340896  1.846883
4 -1.328865  1.682706 -1.717693  0.888782
5  0.228440  0.901805  1.171216  0.520260
6 -1.197071 -1.066969 -0.303421 -0.858447
7  0.306996 -0.028665  0.384316  1.574159
8  1.588931  0.476720  0.473424 -0.242861
9 -0.014805 -0.284319  0.650776 -1.461665
[10 rows x 4 columns]

# break it into pieces
In [37]: pieces = [df.ix[:, [0, 1]], df.ix[:, [2]], df.ix[:, [3]]]

In [38]: result = concat(pieces, axis=1, keys=['one', 'two', 'three'])

In [39]: result

        one                 two     three
          0         1         2         3
0  1.474071 -0.064034 -1.282782  0.781836
1 -1.071357  0.441153  2.353925  0.583787
2  0.221471 -0.744471  0.758527  1.729689
3 -0.964980 -0.845696 -1.340896  1.846883
4 -1.328865  1.682706 -1.717693  0.888782
5  0.228440  0.901805  1.171216  0.520260
6 -1.197071 -1.066969 -0.303421 -0.858447
7  0.306996 -0.028665  0.384316  1.574159
8  1.588931  0.476720  0.473424 -0.242861
9 -0.014805 -0.284319  0.650776 -1.461665
[10 rows x 4 columns]

You can also pass a dict to concat in which case the dict keys will be used for the keys argument (unless other keys are specified):

In [40]: pieces = {'one': df.ix[:, [0, 1]],
   ....:           'two': df.ix[:, [2]],
   ....:           'three': df.ix[:, [3]]}
   ....: 

In [41]: concat(pieces, axis=1)

        one               three       two
          0         1         3         2
0  1.474071 -0.064034  0.781836 -1.282782
1 -1.071357  0.441153  0.583787  2.353925
2  0.221471 -0.744471  1.729689  0.758527
3 -0.964980 -0.845696  1.846883 -1.340896
4 -1.328865  1.682706  0.888782 -1.717693
5  0.228440  0.901805  0.520260  1.171216
6 -1.197071 -1.066969 -0.858447 -0.303421
7  0.306996 -0.028665  1.574159  0.384316
8  1.588931  0.476720 -0.242861  0.473424
9 -0.014805 -0.284319 -1.461665  0.650776
[10 rows x 4 columns]

In [42]: concat(pieces, keys=['three', 'two'])

                2         3
three 0       NaN  0.781836
      1       NaN  0.583787
      2       NaN  1.729689
      3       NaN  1.846883
      4       NaN  0.888782
      5       NaN  0.520260
      6       NaN -0.858447
      7       NaN  1.574159
      8       NaN -0.242861
      9       NaN -1.461665
two   0 -1.282782       NaN
      1  2.353925       NaN
      2  0.758527       NaN
      3 -1.340896       NaN
      4 -1.717693       NaN
              ...       ...
[20 rows x 2 columns]

The MultiIndex created has levels that are constructed from the passed keys and the columns of the DataFrame pieces:

In [43]: result.columns.levels
FrozenList([[u'one', u'two', u'three'], [0, 1, 2, 3]])

If you wish to specify other levels (as will occasionally be the case), you can do so using the levels argument:

In [44]: result = concat(pieces, axis=1, keys=['one', 'two', 'three'],
   ....:                 levels=[['three', 'two', 'one', 'zero']],
   ....:                 names=['group_key'])
   ....: 

In [45]: result

group_key       one                 two     three
                  0         1         2         3
0          1.474071 -0.064034 -1.282782  0.781836
1         -1.071357  0.441153  2.353925  0.583787
2          0.221471 -0.744471  0.758527  1.729689
3         -0.964980 -0.845696 -1.340896  1.846883
4         -1.328865  1.682706 -1.717693  0.888782
5          0.228440  0.901805  1.171216  0.520260
6         -1.197071 -1.066969 -0.303421 -0.858447
7          0.306996 -0.028665  0.384316  1.574159
8          1.588931  0.476720  0.473424 -0.242861
9         -0.014805 -0.284319  0.650776 -1.461665
[10 rows x 4 columns]

In [46]: result.columns.levels
FrozenList([[u'three', u'two', u'one', u'zero'], [0, 1, 2, 3]])

Yes, this is fairly esoteric, but is actually necessary for implementing things like GroupBy where the order of a categorical variable is meaningful.

Appending rows to a DataFrame¶

While not especially efficient (since a new object must be created), you can append a single row to a DataFrame by passing a Series or dict to append, which returns a new DataFrame as above.

In [47]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])

In [48]: df

          A         B         C         D
0 -1.137707 -0.891060 -0.693921  1.613616
1  0.464000  0.227371 -0.496922  0.306389
2 -2.290613 -1.134623 -1.561819 -0.260838
3  0.281957  1.523962 -0.902937  0.068159
4 -0.057873 -0.368204 -1.144073  0.861209
5  0.800193  0.782098 -1.069094 -1.099248
6  0.255269  0.009750  0.661084  0.379319
7 -0.008434  1.952541 -1.056652  0.533946
[8 rows x 4 columns]

In [49]: s = df.xs(3)

In [50]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)

          A         B         C         D
0 -1.137707 -0.891060 -0.693921  1.613616
1  0.464000  0.227371 -0.496922  0.306389
2 -2.290613 -1.134623 -1.561819 -0.260838
3  0.281957  1.523962 -0.902937  0.068159
4 -0.057873 -0.368204 -1.144073  0.861209
5  0.800193  0.782098 -1.069094 -1.099248
6  0.255269  0.009750  0.661084  0.379319
7 -0.008434  1.952541 -1.056652  0.533946
8  0.281957  1.523962 -0.902937  0.068159
[9 rows x 4 columns]

You should use ignore_index with this method to instruct DataFrame to discard its index. If you wish to preserve the index, you should construct an appropriately-indexed DataFrame and append or concatenate those objects.

You can also pass a list of dicts or Series:

In [51]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 4),
   ....:                columns=['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux'])
   ....: 

In [52]: dicts = [{'foo': 1, 'bar': 2, 'baz': 3, 'peekaboo': 4},
   ....:          {'foo': 5, 'bar': 6, 'baz': 7, 'peekaboo': 8}]
   ....: 

In [53]: result = df.append(dicts, ignore_index=True)

In [54]: result

        bar       baz       foo  peekaboo       qux
0  0.040403 -0.507516 -1.226970       NaN -0.230096
1 -1.934370 -1.652499  0.394500       NaN  1.488753
2  0.576897  1.146000 -0.896484       NaN  1.487349
3  2.121453  0.597701  0.604603       NaN  0.563700
4 -1.057909  1.375020  0.967661       NaN -0.928797
5  2.000000  3.000000  1.000000         4       NaN
6  6.000000  7.000000  5.000000         8       NaN
[7 rows x 5 columns]

Database-style DataFrame joining/merging¶

pandas has full-featured, high performance in-memory join operations idiomatically very similar to relational databases like SQL. These methods perform significantly better (in some cases well over an order of magnitude better) than other open source implementations (like base::merge.data.frame in R). The reason for this is careful algorithmic design and internal layout of the data in DataFrame.

See the cookbook for some advanced strategies.

Users who are familiar with SQL but new to pandas might be interested in a comparison with SQL.

pandas provides a single function, merge, as the entry point for all standard database join operations between DataFrame objects:

merge(left, right, how='left', on=None, left_on=None, right_on=None,
      left_index=False, right_index=False, sort=True,
      suffixes=('_x', '_y'), copy=True)

Here’s a description of what each argument is for:

left: A DataFrame object

right: Another DataFrame object

on: Columns (names) to join on. Must be found in both the left and right DataFrame objects. If not passed and left_index and right_index are False, the intersection of the columns in the DataFrames will be inferred to be the join keys

left_on: Columns from the left DataFrame to use as keys. Can either be column names or arrays with length equal to the length of the DataFrame

right_on: Columns from the right DataFrame to use as keys. Can either be column names or arrays with length equal to the length of the DataFrame

left_index: If True, use the index (row labels) from the left DataFrame as its join key(s). In the case of a DataFrame with a MultiIndex (hierarchical), the number of levels must match the number of join keys from the right DataFrame

right_index: Same usage as left_index for the right DataFrame

how: One of 'left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner'. Defaults to inner. See below for more detailed description of each method

sort: Sort the result DataFrame by the join keys in lexicographical order. Defaults to True, setting to False will improve performance substantially in many cases

suffixes: A tuple of string suffixes to apply to overlapping columns. Defaults to ('_x', '_y').

copy: Always copy data (default True) from the passed DataFrame objects, even when reindexing is not necessary. Cannot be avoided in many cases but may improve performance / memory usage. The cases where copying can be avoided are somewhat pathological but this option is provided nonetheless.

merge is a function in the pandas namespace, and it is also available as a DataFrame instance method, with the calling DataFrame being implicitly considered the left object in the join.

The related DataFrame.join method, uses merge internally for the index-on-index and index-on-column(s) joins, but joins on indexes by default rather than trying to join on common columns (the default behavior for merge). If you are joining on index, you may wish to use DataFrame.join to save yourself some typing.

Brief primer on merge methods (relational algebra)¶

Experienced users of relational databases like SQL will be familiar with the terminology used to describe join operations between two SQL-table like structures (DataFrame objects). There are several cases to consider which are very important to understand:

one-to-one joins: for example when joining two DataFrame objects on their indexes (which must contain unique values)

many-to-one joins: for example when joining an index (unique) to one or more columns in a DataFrame

many-to-many joins: joining columns on columns.

Note

When joining columns on columns (potentially a many-to-many join), any indexes on the passed DataFrame objects will be discarded.

It is worth spending some time understanding the result of the many-to-many join case. In SQL / standard relational algebra, if a key combination appears more than once in both tables, the resulting table will have the Cartesian product of the associated data. Here is a very basic example with one unique key combination:

In [55]: left = DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [56]: right = DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [57]: left

   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2
[2 rows x 2 columns]

In [58]: right

   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5
[2 rows x 2 columns]

In [59]: merge(left, right, on='key')

   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5
[4 rows x 3 columns]

Here is a more complicated example with multiple join keys:

In [60]: left = DataFrame({'key1': ['foo', 'foo', 'bar'],
   ....:                   'key2': ['one', 'two', 'one'],
   ....:                   'lval': [1, 2, 3]})
   ....: 

In [61]: right = DataFrame({'key1': ['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar'],
   ....:                    'key2': ['one', 'one', 'one', 'two'],
   ....:                    'rval': [4, 5, 6, 7]})
   ....: 

In [62]: merge(left, right, how='outer')

  key1 key2  lval  rval
0  foo  one     1     4
1  foo  one     1     5
2  foo  two     2   NaN
3  bar  one     3     6
4  bar  two   NaN     7
[5 rows x 4 columns]

In [63]: merge(left, right, how='inner')

  key1 key2  lval  rval
0  foo  one     1     4
1  foo  one     1     5
2  bar  one     3     6
[3 rows x 4 columns]

The how argument to merge specifies how to determine which keys are to be included in the resulting table. If a key combination does not appear in either the left or right tables, the values in the joined table will be NA. Here is a summary of the how options and their SQL equivalent names:

Merge method	SQL Join Name	Description
`left`	`LEFT OUTER JOIN`	Use keys from left frame only
`right`	`RIGHT OUTER JOIN`	Use keys from right frame only
`outer`	`FULL OUTER JOIN`	Use union of keys from both frames
`inner`	`INNER JOIN`	Use intersection of keys from both frames

Joining on index¶

DataFrame.join is a convenient method for combining the columns of two potentially differently-indexed DataFrames into a single result DataFrame. Here is a very basic example:

In [64]: df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])

In [65]: df1 = df.ix[1:, ['A', 'B']]

In [66]: df2 = df.ix[:5, ['C', 'D']]

In [67]: df1

          A         B
1 -2.461467 -1.553902
2  1.771740 -0.670027
3 -3.201750  0.792716
4 -0.747169 -0.309038
5  0.936527  1.255746
6  0.062297 -0.110388
7  0.077849  0.629498
[7 rows x 2 columns]

In [68]: df2

          C         D
0  0.377953  0.493672
1  2.015523 -1.833722
2  0.049307 -0.521493
3  0.146111  1.903247
4  0.393876  1.861468
5 -2.655452  1.219492
[6 rows x 2 columns]

In [69]: df1.join(df2)

          A         B         C         D
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492
6  0.062297 -0.110388       NaN       NaN
7  0.077849  0.629498       NaN       NaN
[7 rows x 4 columns]

In [70]: df1.join(df2, how='outer')

          A         B         C         D
0       NaN       NaN  0.377953  0.493672
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492
6  0.062297 -0.110388       NaN       NaN
7  0.077849  0.629498       NaN       NaN
[8 rows x 4 columns]

In [71]: df1.join(df2, how='inner')

          A         B         C         D
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492
[5 rows x 4 columns]

The data alignment here is on the indexes (row labels). This same behavior can be achieved using merge plus additional arguments instructing it to use the indexes:

In [72]: merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')

          A         B         C         D
     NaN       NaN  0.377953  0.493672
-2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722
1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493
-3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247
-0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468
0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492
0.062297 -0.110388       NaN       NaN
0.077849  0.629498       NaN       NaN
[8 rows x 4 columns]

Joining key columns on an index¶

join takes an optional on argument which may be a column or multiple column names, which specifies that the passed DataFrame is to be aligned on that column in the DataFrame. These two function calls are completely equivalent:

left.join(right, on=key_or_keys)
merge(left, right, left_on=key_or_keys, right_index=True,
      how='left', sort=False)

Obviously you can choose whichever form you find more convenient. For many-to-one joins (where one of the DataFrame’s is already indexed by the join key), using join may be more convenient. Here is a simple example:

In [73]: df['key'] = ['foo', 'bar'] * 4

In [74]: to_join = DataFrame(randn(2, 2), index=['bar', 'foo'],
   ....:                     columns=['j1', 'j2'])
   ....: 

In [75]: df

          A         B         C         D  key
0 -0.308853 -0.681087  0.377953  0.493672  foo
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722  bar
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493  foo
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247  bar
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468  foo
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492  bar
6  0.062297 -0.110388 -1.184357 -0.558081  foo
7  0.077849  0.629498 -1.035260 -0.438229  bar
[8 rows x 5 columns]

In [76]: to_join

           j1        j2
bar  0.503703  0.413086
foo -1.139050  0.660342
[2 rows x 2 columns]

In [77]: df.join(to_join, on='key')

          A         B         C         D  key        j1        j2
0 -0.308853 -0.681087  0.377953  0.493672  foo -1.139050  0.660342
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722  bar  0.503703  0.413086
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493  foo -1.139050  0.660342
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247  bar  0.503703  0.413086
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468  foo -1.139050  0.660342
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492  bar  0.503703  0.413086
6  0.062297 -0.110388 -1.184357 -0.558081  foo -1.139050  0.660342
7  0.077849  0.629498 -1.035260 -0.438229  bar  0.503703  0.413086
[8 rows x 7 columns]

In [78]: merge(df, to_join, left_on='key', right_index=True,
   ....:       how='left', sort=False)
   ....: 

          A         B         C         D  key        j1        j2
0 -0.308853 -0.681087  0.377953  0.493672  foo -1.139050  0.660342
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722  bar  0.503703  0.413086
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493  foo -1.139050  0.660342
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247  bar  0.503703  0.413086
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468  foo -1.139050  0.660342
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492  bar  0.503703  0.413086
6  0.062297 -0.110388 -1.184357 -0.558081  foo -1.139050  0.660342
7  0.077849  0.629498 -1.035260 -0.438229  bar  0.503703  0.413086
[8 rows x 7 columns]

To join on multiple keys, the passed DataFrame must have a MultiIndex:

In [79]: index = MultiIndex(levels=[['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux'],
   ....:                            ['one', 'two', 'three']],
   ....:                    labels=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3],
   ....:                            [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
   ....:                    names=['first', 'second'])
   ....: 

In [80]: to_join = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 3), index=index,
   ....:                     columns=['j_one', 'j_two', 'j_three'])
   ....: 

# a little relevant example with NAs
In [81]: key1 = ['bar', 'bar', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo', 'baz', 'baz', 'qux',
   ....:         'qux', 'snap']
   ....: 

In [82]: key2 = ['two', 'one', 'three', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'two',
   ....:         'three', 'one']
   ....: 

In [83]: data = np.random.randn(len(key1))

In [84]: data = DataFrame({'key1' : key1, 'key2' : key2,
   ....:                   'data' : data})
   ....: 

In [85]: data

       data  key1   key2
0 -1.004168   bar    two
1 -1.377627   bar    one
2  0.499281   bar  three
3 -1.405256   foo    one
4  0.162565   foo    two
5 -0.067785   baz    one
6 -1.260006   baz    two
7 -1.132896   qux    two
8 -2.006481   qux  three
9  0.301016  snap    one
[10 rows x 3 columns]

In [86]: to_join

                 j_one     j_two   j_three
first second                              
foo   one     0.464794 -0.309337 -0.649593
      two     0.683758 -0.643834  0.421287
      three   1.032814 -1.290493  0.787872
bar   one     1.515707 -0.276487 -0.223762
      two     1.397431  1.503874 -0.478905
baz   two    -0.135950 -0.730327 -0.033277
      three   0.281151 -1.298915 -2.819487
qux   one    -0.851985 -1.106952 -0.937731
      two    -1.537770  0.555759 -2.277282
      three  -0.390201  1.207122  0.178690
[10 rows x 3 columns]

Now this can be joined by passing the two key column names:

In [87]: data.join(to_join, on=['key1', 'key2'])

       data  key1   key2     j_one     j_two   j_three
-1.004168   bar    two  1.397431  1.503874 -0.478905
-1.377627   bar    one  1.515707 -0.276487 -0.223762
0.499281   bar  three       NaN       NaN       NaN
-1.405256   foo    one  0.464794 -0.309337 -0.649593
0.162565   foo    two  0.683758 -0.643834  0.421287
-0.067785   baz    one       NaN       NaN       NaN
-1.260006   baz    two -0.135950 -0.730327 -0.033277
-1.132896   qux    two -1.537770  0.555759 -2.277282
-2.006481   qux  three -0.390201  1.207122  0.178690
0.301016  snap    one       NaN       NaN       NaN
[10 rows x 6 columns]

The default for DataFrame.join is to perform a left join (essentially a “VLOOKUP” operation, for Excel users), which uses only the keys found in the calling DataFrame. Other join types, for example inner join, can be just as easily performed:

In [88]: data.join(to_join, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='inner')

       data key1   key2     j_one     j_two   j_three
-1.004168  bar    two  1.397431  1.503874 -0.478905
-1.377627  bar    one  1.515707 -0.276487 -0.223762
-1.405256  foo    one  0.464794 -0.309337 -0.649593
0.162565  foo    two  0.683758 -0.643834  0.421287
-1.260006  baz    two -0.135950 -0.730327 -0.033277
-1.132896  qux    two -1.537770  0.555759 -2.277282
-2.006481  qux  three -0.390201  1.207122  0.178690
[7 rows x 6 columns]

As you can see, this drops any rows where there was no match.

Overlapping value columns¶

The merge suffixes argument takes a tuple of list of strings to append to overlapping column names in the input DataFrames to disambiguate the result columns:

In [89]: left = DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'value': [1, 2]})

In [90]: right = DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'value': [4, 5]})

In [91]: merge(left, right, on='key', suffixes=['_left', '_right'])

   key  value_left  value_right
0  foo           1            4
1  foo           1            5
2  foo           2            4
3  foo           2            5
[4 rows x 3 columns]

DataFrame.join has lsuffix and rsuffix arguments which behave similarly.

Merging Ordered Data¶

New in v0.8.0 is the ordered_merge function for combining time series and other ordered data. In particular it has an optional fill_method keyword to fill/interpolate missing data:

In [92]: A

  group key  lvalue
0     a   a       1
1     a   c       2
2     a   e       3
3     b   a       1
4     b   c       2
5     b   e       3
[6 rows x 3 columns]

In [93]: B

  key  rvalue
0   b       1
1   c       2
2   d       3
[3 rows x 2 columns]

In [94]: ordered_merge(A, B, fill_method='ffill', left_by='group')

  group key  lvalue  rvalue
0     a   a       1     NaN
1     a   b       1       1
2     a   c       2       2
3     a   d       2       3
4     a   e       3       3
5     b   a       1     NaN
6     b   b       1       1
7     b   c       2       2
8     b   d       2       3
9     b   e       3       3
[10 rows x 4 columns]

Joining multiple DataFrame or Panel objects¶

A list or tuple of DataFrames can also be passed to DataFrame.join to join them together on their indexes. The same is true for Panel.join.

In [95]: df1 = df.ix[:, ['A', 'B']]

In [96]: df2 = df.ix[:, ['C', 'D']]

In [97]: df3 = df.ix[:, ['key']]

In [98]: df1

          A         B
0 -0.308853 -0.681087
1 -2.461467 -1.553902
2  1.771740 -0.670027
3 -3.201750  0.792716
4 -0.747169 -0.309038
5  0.936527  1.255746
6  0.062297 -0.110388
7  0.077849  0.629498
[8 rows x 2 columns]

In [99]: df1.join([df2, df3])

          A         B         C         D  key
0 -0.308853 -0.681087  0.377953  0.493672  foo
1 -2.461467 -1.553902  2.015523 -1.833722  bar
2  1.771740 -0.670027  0.049307 -0.521493  foo
3 -3.201750  0.792716  0.146111  1.903247  bar
4 -0.747169 -0.309038  0.393876  1.861468  foo
5  0.936527  1.255746 -2.655452  1.219492  bar
6  0.062297 -0.110388 -1.184357 -0.558081  foo
7  0.077849  0.629498 -1.035260 -0.438229  bar
[8 rows x 5 columns]

Merging together values within Series or DataFrame columns¶

Another fairly common situation is to have two like-indexed (or similarly indexed) Series or DataFrame objects and wanting to “patch” values in one object from values for matching indices in the other. Here is an example:

In [100]: df1 = DataFrame([[nan, 3., 5.], [-4.6, np.nan, nan],
   .....:                  [nan, 7., nan]])
   .....: 

In [101]: df2 = DataFrame([[-42.6, np.nan, -8.2], [-5., 1.6, 4]],
   .....:                 index=[1, 2])
   .....: 

For this, use the combine_first method:

In [102]: df1.combine_first(df2)

     0   1    2
0  NaN   3  5.0
1 -4.6 NaN -8.2
2 -5.0   7  4.0
[3 rows x 3 columns]

Note that this method only takes values from the right DataFrame if they are missing in the left DataFrame. A related method, update, alters non-NA values inplace:

In [103]: df1.update(df2)

In [104]: df1

      0    1    2
0   NaN  3.0  5.0
1 -42.6  NaN -8.2
2  -5.0  1.6  4.0
[3 rows x 3 columns]

Table Of Contents

Search

Merge, join, and concatenate¶

Concatenating objects¶

Set logic on the other axes¶

Concatenating using `append`¶

Ignoring indexes on the concatenation axis¶

More concatenating with group keys¶

Appending rows to a DataFrame¶

Database-style DataFrame joining/merging¶

Brief primer on merge methods (relational algebra)¶

Joining on index¶

Joining key columns on an index¶

Overlapping value columns¶

Merging Ordered Data¶

Joining multiple DataFrame or Panel objects¶

Merging together values within Series or DataFrame columns¶

Navigation

Table Of Contents

Search

Merge, join, and concatenate¶

Concatenating objects¶

Set logic on the other axes¶

Concatenating using append¶

Ignoring indexes on the concatenation axis¶

More concatenating with group keys¶

Appending rows to a DataFrame¶

Database-style DataFrame joining/merging¶

Brief primer on merge methods (relational algebra)¶

Joining on index¶

Joining key columns on an index¶

Overlapping value columns¶

Merging Ordered Data¶

Joining multiple DataFrame or Panel objects¶

Merging together values within Series or DataFrame columns¶

Navigation

Concatenating using `append`¶