Group by: split-apply-combine#

By “group by” we are referring to a process involving one or more of the following steps:

  • Splitting the data into groups based on some criteria.

  • Applying a function to each group independently.

  • Combining the results into a data structure.

Out of these, the split step is the most straightforward. In fact, in many situations we may wish to split the data set into groups and do something with those groups. In the apply step, we might wish to do one of the following:

  • Aggregation: compute a summary statistic (or statistics) for each group. Some examples:

    • Compute group sums or means.

    • Compute group sizes / counts.

  • Transformation: perform some group-specific computations and return a like-indexed object. Some examples:

    • Standardize data (zscore) within a group.

    • Filling NAs within groups with a value derived from each group.

  • Filtration: discard some groups, according to a group-wise computation that evaluates True or False. Some examples:

    • Discard data that belongs to groups with only a few members.

    • Filter out data based on the group sum or mean.

Many of these operations are defined on GroupBy objects. These operations are similar to the aggregating API, window API, and resample API.

It is possible that a given operation does not fall into one of these categories or is some combination of them. In such a case, it may be possible to compute the operation using GroupBy’s apply method. This method will examine the results of the apply step and try to return a sensibly combined result if it doesn’t fit into either of the above two categories.

Note

An operation that is split into multiple steps using built-in GroupBy operations will be more efficient than using the apply method with a user-defined Python function.

Since the set of object instance methods on pandas data structures are generally rich and expressive, we often simply want to invoke, say, a DataFrame function on each group. The name GroupBy should be quite familiar to those who have used a SQL-based tool (or itertools), in which you can write code like:

SELECT Column1, Column2, mean(Column3), sum(Column4)
FROM SomeTable
GROUP BY Column1, Column2

We aim to make operations like this natural and easy to express using pandas. We’ll address each area of GroupBy functionality then provide some non-trivial examples / use cases.

See the cookbook for some advanced strategies.

Splitting an object into groups#

pandas objects can be split on any of their axes. The abstract definition of grouping is to provide a mapping of labels to group names. To create a GroupBy object (more on what the GroupBy object is later), you may do the following:

In [1]: speeds = pd.DataFrame(
   ...:     [
   ...:         ("bird", "Falconiformes", 389.0),
   ...:         ("bird", "Psittaciformes", 24.0),
   ...:         ("mammal", "Carnivora", 80.2),
   ...:         ("mammal", "Primates", np.nan),
   ...:         ("mammal", "Carnivora", 58),
   ...:     ],
   ...:     index=["falcon", "parrot", "lion", "monkey", "leopard"],
   ...:     columns=("class", "order", "max_speed"),
   ...: )
   ...: 

In [2]: speeds
Out[2]: 
          class           order  max_speed
falcon     bird   Falconiformes      389.0
parrot     bird  Psittaciformes       24.0
lion     mammal       Carnivora       80.2
monkey   mammal        Primates        NaN
leopard  mammal       Carnivora       58.0

# default is axis=0
In [3]: grouped = speeds.groupby("class")

In [4]: grouped = speeds.groupby("order", axis="columns")

In [5]: grouped = speeds.groupby(["class", "order"])

The mapping can be specified many different ways:

  • A Python function, to be called on each of the axis labels.

  • A list or NumPy array of the same length as the selected axis.

  • A dict or Series, providing a label -> group name mapping.

  • For DataFrame objects, a string indicating either a column name or an index level name to be used to group.

  • df.groupby('A') is just syntactic sugar for df.groupby(df['A']).

  • A list of any of the above things.

Collectively we refer to the grouping objects as the keys. For example, consider the following DataFrame:

Note

A string passed to groupby may refer to either a column or an index level. If a string matches both a column name and an index level name, a ValueError will be raised.

In [6]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   ...:     {
   ...:         "A": ["foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "foo"],
   ...:         "B": ["one", "one", "two", "three", "two", "two", "one", "three"],
   ...:         "C": np.random.randn(8),
   ...:         "D": np.random.randn(8),
   ...:     }
   ...: )
   ...: 

In [7]: df
Out[7]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one  0.469112 -0.861849
1  bar    one -0.282863 -2.104569
2  foo    two -1.509059 -0.494929
3  bar  three -1.135632  1.071804
4  foo    two  1.212112  0.721555
5  bar    two -0.173215 -0.706771
6  foo    one  0.119209 -1.039575
7  foo  three -1.044236  0.271860

On a DataFrame, we obtain a GroupBy object by calling groupby(). We could naturally group by either the A or B columns, or both:

In [8]: grouped = df.groupby("A")

In [9]: grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"])

If we also have a MultiIndex on columns A and B, we can group by all but the specified columns

In [10]: df2 = df.set_index(["A", "B"])

In [11]: grouped = df2.groupby(level=df2.index.names.difference(["B"]))

In [12]: grouped.sum()
Out[12]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar -1.591710 -1.739537
foo -0.752861 -1.402938

These will split the DataFrame on its index (rows). We could also split by the columns:

In [13]: def get_letter_type(letter):
   ....:     if letter.lower() in 'aeiou':
   ....:         return 'vowel'
   ....:     else:
   ....:         return 'consonant'
   ....: 

In [14]: grouped = df.groupby(get_letter_type, axis=1)

pandas Index objects support duplicate values. If a non-unique index is used as the group key in a groupby operation, all values for the same index value will be considered to be in one group and thus the output of aggregation functions will only contain unique index values:

In [15]: lst = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

In [16]: s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30], lst)

In [17]: grouped = s.groupby(level=0)

In [18]: grouped.first()
Out[18]: 
1    1
2    2
3    3
dtype: int64

In [19]: grouped.last()
Out[19]: 
1    10
2    20
3    30
dtype: int64

In [20]: grouped.sum()
Out[20]: 
1    11
2    22
3    33
dtype: int64

Note that no splitting occurs until it’s needed. Creating the GroupBy object only verifies that you’ve passed a valid mapping.

Note

Many kinds of complicated data manipulations can be expressed in terms of GroupBy operations (though can’t be guaranteed to be the most efficient). You can get quite creative with the label mapping functions.

GroupBy sorting#

By default the group keys are sorted during the groupby operation. You may however pass sort=False for potential speedups:

In [21]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({"X": ["B", "B", "A", "A"], "Y": [1, 2, 3, 4]})

In [22]: df2.groupby(["X"]).sum()
Out[22]: 
   Y
X   
A  7
B  3

In [23]: df2.groupby(["X"], sort=False).sum()
Out[23]: 
   Y
X   
B  3
A  7

Note that groupby will preserve the order in which observations are sorted within each group. For example, the groups created by groupby() below are in the order they appeared in the original DataFrame:

In [24]: df3 = pd.DataFrame({"X": ["A", "B", "A", "B"], "Y": [1, 4, 3, 2]})

In [25]: df3.groupby(["X"]).get_group("A")
Out[25]: 
   X  Y
0  A  1
2  A  3

In [26]: df3.groupby(["X"]).get_group("B")
Out[26]: 
   X  Y
1  B  4
3  B  2

New in version 1.1.0.

GroupBy dropna#

By default NA values are excluded from group keys during the groupby operation. However, in case you want to include NA values in group keys, you could pass dropna=False to achieve it.

In [27]: df_list = [[1, 2, 3], [1, None, 4], [2, 1, 3], [1, 2, 2]]

In [28]: df_dropna = pd.DataFrame(df_list, columns=["a", "b", "c"])

In [29]: df_dropna
Out[29]: 
   a    b  c
0  1  2.0  3
1  1  NaN  4
2  2  1.0  3
3  1  2.0  2
# Default ``dropna`` is set to True, which will exclude NaNs in keys
In [30]: df_dropna.groupby(by=["b"], dropna=True).sum()
Out[30]: 
     a  c
b        
1.0  2  3
2.0  2  5

# In order to allow NaN in keys, set ``dropna`` to False
In [31]: df_dropna.groupby(by=["b"], dropna=False).sum()
Out[31]: 
     a  c
b        
1.0  2  3
2.0  2  5
NaN  1  4

The default setting of dropna argument is True which means NA are not included in group keys.

GroupBy object attributes#

The groups attribute is a dict whose keys are the computed unique groups and corresponding values being the axis labels belonging to each group. In the above example we have:

In [32]: df.groupby("A").groups
Out[32]: {'bar': [1, 3, 5], 'foo': [0, 2, 4, 6, 7]}

In [33]: df.groupby(get_letter_type, axis=1).groups
Out[33]: {'consonant': ['B', 'C', 'D'], 'vowel': ['A']}

Calling the standard Python len function on the GroupBy object just returns the length of the groups dict, so it is largely just a convenience:

In [34]: grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"])

In [35]: grouped.groups
Out[35]: {('bar', 'one'): [1], ('bar', 'three'): [3], ('bar', 'two'): [5], ('foo', 'one'): [0, 6], ('foo', 'three'): [7], ('foo', 'two'): [2, 4]}

In [36]: len(grouped)
Out[36]: 6

GroupBy will tab complete column names (and other attributes):

In [37]: df
Out[37]: 
               height      weight  gender
2000-01-01  42.849980  157.500553    male
2000-01-02  49.607315  177.340407    male
2000-01-03  56.293531  171.524640    male
2000-01-04  48.421077  144.251986  female
2000-01-05  46.556882  152.526206    male
2000-01-06  68.448851  168.272968  female
2000-01-07  70.757698  136.431469    male
2000-01-08  58.909500  176.499753  female
2000-01-09  76.435631  174.094104  female
2000-01-10  45.306120  177.540920    male

In [38]: gb = df.groupby("gender")
In [39]: gb.<TAB>  # noqa: E225, E999
gb.agg        gb.boxplot    gb.cummin     gb.describe   gb.filter     gb.get_group  gb.height     gb.last       gb.median     gb.ngroups    gb.plot       gb.rank       gb.std        gb.transform
gb.aggregate  gb.count      gb.cumprod    gb.dtype      gb.first      gb.groups     gb.hist       gb.max        gb.min        gb.nth        gb.prod       gb.resample   gb.sum        gb.var
gb.apply      gb.cummax     gb.cumsum     gb.fillna     gb.gender     gb.head       gb.indices    gb.mean       gb.name       gb.ohlc       gb.quantile   gb.size       gb.tail       gb.weight

GroupBy with MultiIndex#

With hierarchically-indexed data, it’s quite natural to group by one of the levels of the hierarchy.

Let’s create a Series with a two-level MultiIndex.

In [40]: arrays = [
   ....:     ["bar", "bar", "baz", "baz", "foo", "foo", "qux", "qux"],
   ....:     ["one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two"],
   ....: ]
   ....: 

In [41]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=["first", "second"])

In [42]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=index)

In [43]: s
Out[43]: 
first  second
bar    one      -0.919854
       two      -0.042379
baz    one       1.247642
       two      -0.009920
foo    one       0.290213
       two       0.495767
qux    one       0.362949
       two       1.548106
dtype: float64

We can then group by one of the levels in s.

In [44]: grouped = s.groupby(level=0)

In [45]: grouped.sum()
Out[45]: 
first
bar   -0.962232
baz    1.237723
foo    0.785980
qux    1.911055
dtype: float64

If the MultiIndex has names specified, these can be passed instead of the level number:

In [46]: s.groupby(level="second").sum()
Out[46]: 
second
one    0.980950
two    1.991575
dtype: float64

Grouping with multiple levels is supported.

In [47]: s
Out[47]: 
first  second  third
bar    doo     one     -1.131345
               two     -0.089329
baz    bee     one      0.337863
               two     -0.945867
foo    bop     one     -0.932132
               two      1.956030
qux    bop     one      0.017587
               two     -0.016692
dtype: float64

In [48]: s.groupby(level=["first", "second"]).sum()
Out[48]: 
first  second
bar    doo      -1.220674
baz    bee      -0.608004
foo    bop       1.023898
qux    bop       0.000895
dtype: float64

Index level names may be supplied as keys.

In [49]: s.groupby(["first", "second"]).sum()
Out[49]: 
first  second
bar    doo      -1.220674
baz    bee      -0.608004
foo    bop       1.023898
qux    bop       0.000895
dtype: float64

More on the sum function and aggregation later.

Grouping DataFrame with Index levels and columns#

A DataFrame may be grouped by a combination of columns and index levels by specifying the column names as strings and the index levels as pd.Grouper objects.

In [50]: arrays = [
   ....:     ["bar", "bar", "baz", "baz", "foo", "foo", "qux", "qux"],
   ....:     ["one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two"],
   ....: ]
   ....: 

In [51]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=["first", "second"])

In [52]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], "B": np.arange(8)}, index=index)

In [53]: df
Out[53]: 
              A  B
first second      
bar   one     1  0
      two     1  1
baz   one     1  2
      two     1  3
foo   one     2  4
      two     2  5
qux   one     3  6
      two     3  7

The following example groups df by the second index level and the A column.

In [54]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(level=1), "A"]).sum()
Out[54]: 
          B
second A   
one    1  2
       2  4
       3  6
two    1  4
       2  5
       3  7

Index levels may also be specified by name.

In [55]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(level="second"), "A"]).sum()
Out[55]: 
          B
second A   
one    1  2
       2  4
       3  6
two    1  4
       2  5
       3  7

Index level names may be specified as keys directly to groupby.

In [56]: df.groupby(["second", "A"]).sum()
Out[56]: 
          B
second A   
one    1  2
       2  4
       3  6
two    1  4
       2  5
       3  7

DataFrame column selection in GroupBy#

Once you have created the GroupBy object from a DataFrame, you might want to do something different for each of the columns. Thus, using [] similar to getting a column from a DataFrame, you can do:

In [57]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   ....:     {
   ....:         "A": ["foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "foo"],
   ....:         "B": ["one", "one", "two", "three", "two", "two", "one", "three"],
   ....:         "C": np.random.randn(8),
   ....:         "D": np.random.randn(8),
   ....:     }
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [58]: df
Out[58]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

In [59]: grouped = df.groupby(["A"])

In [60]: grouped_C = grouped["C"]

In [61]: grouped_D = grouped["D"]

This is mainly syntactic sugar for the alternative and much more verbose:

In [62]: df["C"].groupby(df["A"])
Out[62]: <pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy object at 0x7ff7bae9d340>

Additionally this method avoids recomputing the internal grouping information derived from the passed key.

Iterating through groups#

With the GroupBy object in hand, iterating through the grouped data is very natural and functions similarly to itertools.groupby():

In [63]: grouped = df.groupby('A')

In [64]: for name, group in grouped:
   ....:     print(name)
   ....:     print(group)
   ....: 
bar
     A      B         C         D
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
foo
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

In the case of grouping by multiple keys, the group name will be a tuple:

In [65]: for name, group in df.groupby(['A', 'B']):
   ....:     print(name)
   ....:     print(group)
   ....: 
('bar', 'one')
     A    B         C         D
1  bar  one  0.254161  1.511763
('bar', 'three')
     A      B         C         D
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
('bar', 'two')
     A    B         C         D
5  bar  two -0.077118  1.211526
('foo', 'one')
     A    B         C         D
0  foo  one -0.575247  1.346061
6  foo  one -0.408530  0.268520
('foo', 'three')
     A      B         C        D
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.02458
('foo', 'two')
     A    B         C         D
2  foo  two -1.143704  1.627081
4  foo  two  1.193555 -0.441652

See Iterating through groups.

Selecting a group#

A single group can be selected using get_group():

In [66]: grouped.get_group("bar")
Out[66]: 
     A      B         C         D
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526

Or for an object grouped on multiple columns:

In [67]: df.groupby(["A", "B"]).get_group(("bar", "one"))
Out[67]: 
     A    B         C         D
1  bar  one  0.254161  1.511763

Aggregation#

An aggregation is a GroupBy operation that reduces the dimension of the grouping object. The result of an aggregation is, or at least is treated as, a scalar value for each column in a group. For example, producing the sum of each column in a group of values.

In [68]: animals = pd.DataFrame(
   ....:     {
   ....:         "kind": ["cat", "dog", "cat", "dog"],
   ....:         "height": [9.1, 6.0, 9.5, 34.0],
   ....:         "weight": [7.9, 7.5, 9.9, 198.0],
   ....:     }
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [69]: animals
Out[69]: 
  kind  height  weight
0  cat     9.1     7.9
1  dog     6.0     7.5
2  cat     9.5     9.9
3  dog    34.0   198.0

In [70]: animals.groupby("kind").sum()
Out[70]: 
      height  weight
kind                
cat     18.6    17.8
dog     40.0   205.5

In the result, the keys of the groups appear in the index by default. They can be instead included in the columns by passing as_index=False.

In [71]: animals.groupby("kind", as_index=False).sum()
Out[71]: 
  kind  height  weight
0  cat    18.6    17.8
1  dog    40.0   205.5

Built-in aggregation methods#

Many common aggregations are built-in to GroupBy objects as methods. Of the methods listed below, those with a * do not have a Cython-optimized implementation.

Method

Description

any()

Compute whether any of the values in the groups are truthy

all()

Compute whether all of the values in the groups are truthy

count()

Compute the number of non-NA values in the groups

cov() *

Compute the covariance of the groups

first()

Compute the first occurring value in each group

idxmax() *

Compute the index of the maximum value in each group

idxmin() *

Compute the index of the minimum value in each group

last()

Compute the last occurring value in each group

max()

Compute the maximum value in each group

mean()

Compute the mean of each group

median()

Compute the median of each group

min()

Compute the minimum value in each group

nunique()

Compute the number of unique values in each group

prod()

Compute the product of the values in each group

quantile()

Compute a given quantile of the values in each group

sem()

Compute the standard error of the mean of the values in each group

size()

Compute the number of values in each group

skew() *

Compute the skew of the values in each group

std()

Compute the standard deviation of the values in each group

sum()

Compute the sum of the values in each group

var()

Compute the variance of the values in each group

Some examples:

In [72]: df.groupby("A")[["C", "D"]].max()
Out[72]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  0.254161  1.511763
foo  1.193555  1.627081

In [73]: df.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()
Out[73]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one    0.254161  1.511763
    three  0.215897 -0.990582
    two   -0.077118  1.211526
foo one   -0.491888  0.807291
    three -0.862495  0.024580
    two    0.024925  0.592714

Another simple aggregation example is to compute the size of each group. This is included in GroupBy as the size method. It returns a Series whose index are the group names and whose values are the sizes of each group.

In [74]: grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"])

In [75]: grouped.size()
Out[75]: 
A    B    
bar  one      1
     three    1
     two      1
foo  one      2
     three    1
     two      2
dtype: int64

While the describe() method is not itself a reducer, it can be used to conveniently produce a collection of summary statistics about each of the groups.

In [76]: grouped.describe()
Out[76]: 
              C                      ...         D                    
          count      mean       std  ...       50%       75%       max
A   B                                ...                              
bar one     1.0  0.254161       NaN  ...  1.511763  1.511763  1.511763
    three   1.0  0.215897       NaN  ... -0.990582 -0.990582 -0.990582
    two     1.0 -0.077118       NaN  ...  1.211526  1.211526  1.211526
foo one     2.0 -0.491888  0.117887  ...  0.807291  1.076676  1.346061
    three   1.0 -0.862495       NaN  ...  0.024580  0.024580  0.024580
    two     2.0  0.024925  1.652692  ...  0.592714  1.109898  1.627081

[6 rows x 16 columns]

Another aggregation example is to compute the number of unique values of each group. This is similar to the value_counts function, except that it only counts the number of unique values.

In [77]: ll = [['foo', 1], ['foo', 2], ['foo', 2], ['bar', 1], ['bar', 1]]

In [78]: df4 = pd.DataFrame(ll, columns=["A", "B"])

In [79]: df4
Out[79]: 
     A  B
0  foo  1
1  foo  2
2  foo  2
3  bar  1
4  bar  1

In [80]: df4.groupby("A")["B"].nunique()
Out[80]: 
A
bar    1
foo    2
Name: B, dtype: int64

Note

Aggregation functions will not return the groups that you are aggregating over as named columns, when as_index=True, the default. The grouped columns will be the indices of the returned object.

Passing as_index=False will return the groups that you are aggregating over, if they are named indices or columns.

The aggregate() method#

Note

The aggregate() method can accept many different types of inputs. This section details using string aliases for various GroupBy methods; other inputs are detailed in the sections below.

Any reduction method that pandas implements can be passed as a string to aggregate(). Users are encouraged to use the shorthand, agg. It will operate as if the corresponding method was called.

In [81]: grouped = df.groupby("A")

In [82]: grouped[["C", "D"]].aggregate("sum")
Out[82]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  0.392940  1.732707
foo -1.796421  2.824590

In [83]: grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"])

In [84]: grouped.agg("sum")
Out[84]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one    0.254161  1.511763
    three  0.215897 -0.990582
    two   -0.077118  1.211526
foo one   -0.983776  1.614581
    three -0.862495  0.024580
    two    0.049851  1.185429

The result of the aggregation will have the group names as the new index along the grouped axis. In the case of multiple keys, the result is a MultiIndex by default. As mentioned above, this can be changed by using the as_index option:

In [85]: grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"], as_index=False)

In [86]: grouped.agg("sum")
Out[86]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
1  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
2  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
3  foo    one -0.983776  1.614581
4  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580
5  foo    two  0.049851  1.185429

In [87]: df.groupby("A", as_index=False)[["C", "D"]].agg("sum")
Out[87]: 
     A         C         D
0  bar  0.392940  1.732707
1  foo -1.796421  2.824590

Note that you could use the DataFrame.reset_index() DataFrame function to achieve the same result as the column names are stored in the resulting MultiIndex, although this will make an extra copy.

In [88]: df.groupby(["A", "B"]).agg("sum").reset_index()
Out[88]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
1  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
2  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
3  foo    one -0.983776  1.614581
4  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580
5  foo    two  0.049851  1.185429

Aggregation with User-Defined Functions#

Users can also provide their own User-Defined Functions (UDFs) for custom aggregations.

Warning

When aggregating with a UDF, the UDF should not mutate the provided Series. See Mutating with User Defined Function (UDF) methods for more information.

Note

Aggregating with a UDF is often less performant than using the pandas built-in methods on GroupBy. Consider breaking up a complex operation into a chain of operations that utilize the built-in methods.

In [89]: animals
Out[89]: 
  kind  height  weight
0  cat     9.1     7.9
1  dog     6.0     7.5
2  cat     9.5     9.9
3  dog    34.0   198.0

In [90]: animals.groupby("kind")[["height"]].agg(lambda x: set(x))
Out[90]: 
           height
kind             
cat    {9.1, 9.5}
dog   {34.0, 6.0}

The resulting dtype will reflect that of the aggregating function. If the results from different groups have different dtypes, then a common dtype will be determined in the same way as DataFrame construction.

In [91]: animals.groupby("kind")[["height"]].agg(lambda x: x.astype(int).sum())
Out[91]: 
      height
kind        
cat       18
dog       40

Applying multiple functions at once#

With grouped Series you can also pass a list or dict of functions to do aggregation with, outputting a DataFrame:

In [92]: grouped = df.groupby("A")

In [93]: grouped["C"].agg(["sum", "mean", "std"])
Out[93]: 
          sum      mean       std
A                                
bar  0.392940  0.130980  0.181231
foo -1.796421 -0.359284  0.912265

On a grouped DataFrame, you can pass a list of functions to apply to each column, which produces an aggregated result with a hierarchical index:

In [94]: grouped[["C", "D"]].agg(["sum", "mean", "std"])
Out[94]: 
            C                             D                    
          sum      mean       std       sum      mean       std
A                                                              
bar  0.392940  0.130980  0.181231  1.732707  0.577569  1.366330
foo -1.796421 -0.359284  0.912265  2.824590  0.564918  0.884785

The resulting aggregations are named after the functions themselves. If you need to rename, then you can add in a chained operation for a Series like this:

In [95]: (
   ....:     grouped["C"]
   ....:     .agg(["sum", "mean", "std"])
   ....:     .rename(columns={"sum": "foo", "mean": "bar", "std": "baz"})
   ....: )
   ....: 
Out[95]: 
          foo       bar       baz
A                                
bar  0.392940  0.130980  0.181231
foo -1.796421 -0.359284  0.912265

For a grouped DataFrame, you can rename in a similar manner:

In [96]: (
   ....:     grouped[["C", "D"]].agg(["sum", "mean", "std"]).rename(
   ....:         columns={"sum": "foo", "mean": "bar", "std": "baz"}
   ....:     )
   ....: )
   ....: 
Out[96]: 
            C                             D                    
          foo       bar       baz       foo       bar       baz
A                                                              
bar  0.392940  0.130980  0.181231  1.732707  0.577569  1.366330
foo -1.796421 -0.359284  0.912265  2.824590  0.564918  0.884785

Note

In general, the output column names should be unique, but pandas will allow you apply to the same function (or two functions with the same name) to the same column.

In [97]: grouped["C"].agg(["sum", "sum"])
Out[97]: 
          sum       sum
A                      
bar  0.392940  0.392940
foo -1.796421 -1.796421

pandas also allows you to provide multiple lambdas. In this case, pandas will mangle the name of the (nameless) lambda functions, appending _<i> to each subsequent lambda.

In [98]: grouped["C"].agg([lambda x: x.max() - x.min(), lambda x: x.median() - x.mean()])
Out[98]: 
     <lambda_0>  <lambda_1>
A                          
bar    0.331279    0.084917
foo    2.337259   -0.215962

Named aggregation#

To support column-specific aggregation with control over the output column names, pandas accepts the special syntax in DataFrameGroupBy.agg() and SeriesGroupBy.agg(), known as “named aggregation”, where

  • The keywords are the output column names

  • The values are tuples whose first element is the column to select and the second element is the aggregation to apply to that column. pandas provides the NamedAgg namedtuple with the fields ['column', 'aggfunc'] to make it clearer what the arguments are. As usual, the aggregation can be a callable or a string alias.

In [99]: animals
Out[99]: 
  kind  height  weight
0  cat     9.1     7.9
1  dog     6.0     7.5
2  cat     9.5     9.9
3  dog    34.0   198.0

In [100]: animals.groupby("kind").agg(
   .....:     min_height=pd.NamedAgg(column="height", aggfunc="min"),
   .....:     max_height=pd.NamedAgg(column="height", aggfunc="max"),
   .....:     average_weight=pd.NamedAgg(column="weight", aggfunc="mean"),
   .....: )
   .....: 
Out[100]: 
      min_height  max_height  average_weight
kind                                        
cat          9.1         9.5            8.90
dog          6.0        34.0          102.75

NamedAgg is just a namedtuple. Plain tuples are allowed as well.

In [101]: animals.groupby("kind").agg(
   .....:     min_height=("height", "min"),
   .....:     max_height=("height", "max"),
   .....:     average_weight=("weight", "mean"),
   .....: )
   .....: 
Out[101]: 
      min_height  max_height  average_weight
kind                                        
cat          9.1         9.5            8.90
dog          6.0        34.0          102.75

If the column names you want are not valid Python keywords, construct a dictionary and unpack the keyword arguments

In [102]: animals.groupby("kind").agg(
   .....:     **{
   .....:         "total weight": pd.NamedAgg(column="weight", aggfunc="sum")
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 
Out[102]: 
      total weight
kind              
cat           17.8
dog          205.5

When using named aggregation, additional keyword arguments are not passed through to the aggregation functions; only pairs of (column, aggfunc) should be passed as **kwargs. If your aggregation functions require additional arguments, apply them partially with functools.partial().

Named aggregation is also valid for Series groupby aggregations. In this case there’s no column selection, so the values are just the functions.

In [103]: animals.groupby("kind").height.agg(
   .....:     min_height="min",
   .....:     max_height="max",
   .....: )
   .....: 
Out[103]: 
      min_height  max_height
kind                        
cat          9.1         9.5
dog          6.0        34.0

Applying different functions to DataFrame columns#

By passing a dict to aggregate you can apply a different aggregation to the columns of a DataFrame:

In [104]: grouped.agg({"C": "sum", "D": lambda x: np.std(x, ddof=1)})
Out[104]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  0.392940  1.366330
foo -1.796421  0.884785

The function names can also be strings. In order for a string to be valid it must be implemented on GroupBy:

In [105]: grouped.agg({"C": "sum", "D": "std"})
Out[105]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  0.392940  1.366330
foo -1.796421  0.884785

Transformation#

A transformation is a GroupBy operation whose result is indexed the same as the one being grouped. Common examples include cumsum() and diff().

In [106]: speeds
Out[106]: 
          class           order  max_speed
falcon     bird   Falconiformes      389.0
parrot     bird  Psittaciformes       24.0
lion     mammal       Carnivora       80.2
monkey   mammal        Primates        NaN
leopard  mammal       Carnivora       58.0

In [107]: grouped = speeds.groupby("class")["max_speed"]

In [108]: grouped.cumsum()
Out[108]: 
falcon     389.0
parrot     413.0
lion        80.2
monkey       NaN
leopard    138.2
Name: max_speed, dtype: float64

In [109]: grouped.diff()
Out[109]: 
falcon       NaN
parrot    -365.0
lion         NaN
monkey       NaN
leopard      NaN
Name: max_speed, dtype: float64

Unlike aggregations, the groupings that are used to split the original object are not included in the result.

Note

Since transformations do not include the groupings that are used to split the result, the arguments as_index and sort in DataFrame.groupby() and Series.groupby() have no effect.

A common use of a transformation is to add the result back into the original DataFrame.

In [110]: result = speeds.copy()

In [111]: result["cumsum"] = grouped.cumsum()

In [112]: result["diff"] = grouped.diff()

In [113]: result
Out[113]: 
          class           order  max_speed  cumsum   diff
falcon     bird   Falconiformes      389.0   389.0    NaN
parrot     bird  Psittaciformes       24.0   413.0 -365.0
lion     mammal       Carnivora       80.2    80.2    NaN
monkey   mammal        Primates        NaN     NaN    NaN
leopard  mammal       Carnivora       58.0   138.2    NaN

Built-in transformation methods#

The following methods on GroupBy act as transformations. Of these methods, only fillna does not have a Cython-optimized implementation.

Method

Description

bfill()

Back fill NA values within each group

cumcount()

Compute the cumulative count within each group

cummax()

Compute the cumulative max within each group

cummin()

Compute the cumulative min within each group

cumprod()

Compute the cumulative product within each group

cumsum()

Compute the cumulative sum within each group

diff()

Compute the difference between adjacent values within each group

ffill()

Forward fill NA values within each group

fillna()

Fill NA values within each group

pct_change()

Compute the percent change between adjacent values within each group

rank()

Compute the rank of each value within each group

shift()

Shift values up or down within each group

In addition, passing any built-in aggregation method as a string to transform() (see the next section) will broadcast the result across the group, producing a transformed result. If the aggregation method is Cython-optimized, this will be performant as well.

The transform() method#

Similar to the aggregation method, the transform() method can accept string aliases to the built-in transformation methods in the previous section. It can also accept string aliases to the built-in aggregation methods. When an aggregation method is provided, the result will be broadcast across the group.

In [114]: speeds
Out[114]: 
          class           order  max_speed
falcon     bird   Falconiformes      389.0
parrot     bird  Psittaciformes       24.0
lion     mammal       Carnivora       80.2
monkey   mammal        Primates        NaN
leopard  mammal       Carnivora       58.0

In [115]: grouped = speeds.groupby("class")[["max_speed"]]

In [116]: grouped.transform("cumsum")
Out[116]: 
         max_speed
falcon       389.0
parrot       413.0
lion          80.2
monkey         NaN
leopard      138.2

In [117]: grouped.transform("sum")
Out[117]: 
         max_speed
falcon       413.0
parrot       413.0
lion         138.2
monkey       138.2
leopard      138.2

In addition to string aliases, the transform() method can also except User-Defined functions (UDFs). The UDF must:

  • Return a result that is either the same size as the group chunk or broadcastable to the size of the group chunk (e.g., a scalar, grouped.transform(lambda x: x.iloc[-1])).

  • Operate column-by-column on the group chunk. The transform is applied to the first group chunk using chunk.apply.

  • Not perform in-place operations on the group chunk. Group chunks should be treated as immutable, and changes to a group chunk may produce unexpected results. See Mutating with User Defined Function (UDF) methods for more information.

  • (Optionally) operates on all columns of the entire group chunk at once. If this is supported, a fast path is used starting from the second chunk.

Note

Transforming by supplying transform with a UDF is often less performant than using the built-in methods on GroupBy. Consider breaking up a complex operation into a chain of operations that utilize the built-in methods.

All of the examples in this section can be made more performant by calling built-in methods instead of using transform. See below for examples.

Changed in version 2.0.0: When using .transform on a grouped DataFrame and the transformation function returns a DataFrame, pandas now aligns the result’s index with the input’s index. You can call .to_numpy() within the transformation function to avoid alignment.

Similar to The aggregate() method, the resulting dtype will reflect that of the transformation function. If the results from different groups have different dtypes, then a common dtype will be determined in the same way as DataFrame construction.

Suppose we wish to standardize the data within each group:

In [118]: index = pd.date_range("10/1/1999", periods=1100)

In [119]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.normal(0.5, 2, 1100), index)

In [120]: ts = ts.rolling(window=100, min_periods=100).mean().dropna()

In [121]: ts.head()
Out[121]: 
2000-01-08    0.779333
2000-01-09    0.778852
2000-01-10    0.786476
2000-01-11    0.782797
2000-01-12    0.798110
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [122]: ts.tail()
Out[122]: 
2002-09-30    0.660294
2002-10-01    0.631095
2002-10-02    0.673601
2002-10-03    0.709213
2002-10-04    0.719369
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [123]: transformed = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year).transform(
   .....:     lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / x.std()
   .....: )
   .....: 

We would expect the result to now have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 within each group, which we can easily check:

# Original Data
In [124]: grouped = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year)

In [125]: grouped.mean()
Out[125]: 
2000    0.442441
2001    0.526246
2002    0.459365
dtype: float64

In [126]: grouped.std()
Out[126]: 
2000    0.131752
2001    0.210945
2002    0.128753
dtype: float64

# Transformed Data
In [127]: grouped_trans = transformed.groupby(lambda x: x.year)

In [128]: grouped_trans.mean()
Out[128]: 
2000   -4.870756e-16
2001   -1.545187e-16
2002    4.136282e-16
dtype: float64

In [129]: grouped_trans.std()
Out[129]: 
2000    1.0
2001    1.0
2002    1.0
dtype: float64

We can also visually compare the original and transformed data sets.

In [130]: compare = pd.DataFrame({"Original": ts, "Transformed": transformed})

In [131]: compare.plot()
Out[131]: <AxesSubplot: >
../_images/groupby_transform_plot.png

Transformation functions that have lower dimension outputs are broadcast to match the shape of the input array.

In [132]: ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year).transform(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[132]: 
2000-01-08    0.623893
2000-01-09    0.623893
2000-01-10    0.623893
2000-01-11    0.623893
2000-01-12    0.623893
                ...   
2002-09-30    0.558275
2002-10-01    0.558275
2002-10-02    0.558275
2002-10-03    0.558275
2002-10-04    0.558275
Freq: D, Length: 1001, dtype: float64

Another common data transform is to replace missing data with the group mean.

In [133]: data_df
Out[133]: 
            A         B         C
0    1.539708 -1.166480  0.533026
1    1.302092 -0.505754       NaN
2   -0.371983  1.104803 -0.651520
3   -1.309622  1.118697 -1.161657
4   -1.924296  0.396437  0.812436
..        ...       ...       ...
995 -0.093110  0.683847 -0.774753
996 -0.185043  1.438572       NaN
997 -0.394469 -0.642343  0.011374
998 -1.174126  1.857148       NaN
999  0.234564  0.517098  0.393534

[1000 rows x 3 columns]

In [134]: countries = np.array(["US", "UK", "GR", "JP"])

In [135]: key = countries[np.random.randint(0, 4, 1000)]

In [136]: grouped = data_df.groupby(key)

# Non-NA count in each group
In [137]: grouped.count()
Out[137]: 
      A    B    C
GR  209  217  189
JP  240  255  217
UK  216  231  193
US  239  250  217

In [138]: transformed = grouped.transform(lambda x: x.fillna(x.mean()))

We can verify that the group means have not changed in the transformed data, and that the transformed data contains no NAs.

In [139]: grouped_trans = transformed.groupby(key)

In [140]: grouped.mean()  # original group means
Out[140]: 
           A         B         C
GR -0.098371 -0.015420  0.068053
JP  0.069025  0.023100 -0.077324
UK  0.034069 -0.052580 -0.116525
US  0.058664 -0.020399  0.028603

In [141]: grouped_trans.mean()  # transformation did not change group means
Out[141]: 
           A         B         C
GR -0.098371 -0.015420  0.068053
JP  0.069025  0.023100 -0.077324
UK  0.034069 -0.052580 -0.116525
US  0.058664 -0.020399  0.028603

In [142]: grouped.count()  # original has some missing data points
Out[142]: 
      A    B    C
GR  209  217  189
JP  240  255  217
UK  216  231  193
US  239  250  217

In [143]: grouped_trans.count()  # counts after transformation
Out[143]: 
      A    B    C
GR  228  228  228
JP  267  267  267
UK  247  247  247
US  258  258  258

In [144]: grouped_trans.size()  # Verify non-NA count equals group size
Out[144]: 
GR    228
JP    267
UK    247
US    258
dtype: int64

As mentioned in the note above, each of the examples in this section can be computed more efficiently using built-in methods. In the code below, the inefficient way using a UDF is commented out and the faster alternative appears below.

# ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year).transform(
#     lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / x.std()
# )
In [145]: grouped = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year)

In [146]: result = (ts - grouped.transform("mean")) / grouped.transform("std")

# ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year).transform(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
In [147]: grouped = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.year)

In [148]: result = grouped.transform("max") - grouped.transform("min")

# grouped = data_df.groupby(key)
# grouped.transform(lambda x: x.fillna(x.mean()))
In [149]: grouped = data_df.groupby(key)

In [150]: result = data_df.fillna(grouped.transform("mean"))

Window and resample operations#

It is possible to use resample(), expanding() and rolling() as methods on groupbys.

The example below will apply the rolling() method on the samples of the column B, based on the groups of column A.

In [151]: df_re = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1] * 10 + [5] * 10, "B": np.arange(20)})

In [152]: df_re
Out[152]: 
    A   B
0   1   0
1   1   1
2   1   2
3   1   3
4   1   4
.. ..  ..
15  5  15
16  5  16
17  5  17
18  5  18
19  5  19

[20 rows x 2 columns]

In [153]: df_re.groupby("A").rolling(4).B.mean()
Out[153]: 
A    
1  0      NaN
   1      NaN
   2      NaN
   3      1.5
   4      2.5
         ... 
5  15    13.5
   16    14.5
   17    15.5
   18    16.5
   19    17.5
Name: B, Length: 20, dtype: float64

The expanding() method will accumulate a given operation (sum() in the example) for all the members of each particular group.

In [154]: df_re.groupby("A").expanding().sum()
Out[154]: 
          B
A          
1 0     0.0
  1     1.0
  2     3.0
  3     6.0
  4    10.0
...     ...
5 15   75.0
  16   91.0
  17  108.0
  18  126.0
  19  145.0

[20 rows x 1 columns]

Suppose you want to use the resample() method to get a daily frequency in each group of your dataframe, and wish to complete the missing values with the ffill() method.

In [155]: df_re = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "date": pd.date_range(start="2016-01-01", periods=4, freq="W"),
   .....:         "group": [1, 1, 2, 2],
   .....:         "val": [5, 6, 7, 8],
   .....:     }
   .....: ).set_index("date")
   .....: 

In [156]: df_re
Out[156]: 
            group  val
date                  
2016-01-03      1    5
2016-01-10      1    6
2016-01-17      2    7
2016-01-24      2    8

In [157]: df_re.groupby("group").resample("1D").ffill()
Out[157]: 
                  group  val
group date                  
1     2016-01-03      1    5
      2016-01-04      1    5
      2016-01-05      1    5
      2016-01-06      1    5
      2016-01-07      1    5
...                 ...  ...
2     2016-01-20      2    7
      2016-01-21      2    7
      2016-01-22      2    7
      2016-01-23      2    7
      2016-01-24      2    8

[16 rows x 2 columns]

Filtration#

A filtration is a GroupBy operation the subsets the original grouping object. It may either filter out entire groups, part of groups, or both. Filtrations return a filtered version of the calling object, including the grouping columns when provided. In the following example, class is included in the result.

In [158]: speeds
Out[158]: 
          class           order  max_speed
falcon     bird   Falconiformes      389.0
parrot     bird  Psittaciformes       24.0
lion     mammal       Carnivora       80.2
monkey   mammal        Primates        NaN
leopard  mammal       Carnivora       58.0

In [159]: speeds.groupby("class").nth(1)
Out[159]: 
         class           order  max_speed
parrot    bird  Psittaciformes       24.0
monkey  mammal        Primates        NaN

Note

Unlike aggregations, filtrations do not add the group keys to the index of the result. Because of this, passing as_index=False or sort=True will not affect these methods.

Filtrations will respect subsetting the columns of the GroupBy object.

In [160]: speeds.groupby("class")[["order", "max_speed"]].nth(1)
Out[160]: 
                 order  max_speed
parrot  Psittaciformes       24.0
monkey        Primates        NaN

Built-in filtrations#

The following methods on GroupBy act as filtrations. All these methods have a Cython-optimized implementation.

Method

Description

head()

Select the top row(s) of each group

nth()

Select the nth row(s) of each group

tail()

Select the bottom row(s) of each group

Users can also use transformations along with Boolean indexing to construct complex filtrations within groups. For example, suppose we are given groups of products and their volumes, and we wish to subset the data to only the largest products capturing no more than 90% of the total volume within each group.

In [161]: product_volumes = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "group": list("xxxxyyy"),
   .....:         "product": list("abcdefg"),
   .....:         "volume": [10, 30, 20, 15, 40, 10, 20],
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [162]: product_volumes
Out[162]: 
  group product  volume
0     x       a      10
1     x       b      30
2     x       c      20
3     x       d      15
4     y       e      40
5     y       f      10
6     y       g      20

# Sort by volume to select the largest products first
In [163]: product_volumes = product_volumes.sort_values("volume", ascending=False)

In [164]: grouped = product_volumes.groupby("group")["volume"]

In [165]: cumpct = grouped.cumsum() / grouped.transform("sum")

In [166]: cumpct
Out[166]: 
4    0.571429
1    0.400000
2    0.666667
6    0.857143
3    0.866667
0    1.000000
5    1.000000
Name: volume, dtype: float64

In [167]: significant_products = product_volumes[cumpct <= 0.9]

In [168]: significant_products.sort_values(["group", "product"])
Out[168]: 
  group product  volume
1     x       b      30
2     x       c      20
3     x       d      15
4     y       e      40
6     y       g      20

The filter method#

Note

Filtering by supplying filter with a User-Defined Function (UDF) is often less performant than using the built-in methods on GroupBy. Consider breaking up a complex operation into a chain of operations that utilize the built-in methods.

The filter method takes a User-Defined Function (UDF) that, when applied to an entire group, returns either True or False. The result of the filter method is then the subset of groups for which the UDF returned True.

Suppose we want to take only elements that belong to groups with a group sum greater than 2.

In [169]: sf = pd.Series([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3])

In [170]: sf.groupby(sf).filter(lambda x: x.sum() > 2)
Out[170]: 
3    3
4    3
5    3
dtype: int64

Another useful operation is filtering out elements that belong to groups with only a couple members.

In [171]: dff = pd.DataFrame({"A": np.arange(8), "B": list("aabbbbcc")})

In [172]: dff.groupby("B").filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
Out[172]: 
   A  B
2  2  b
3  3  b
4  4  b
5  5  b

Alternatively, instead of dropping the offending groups, we can return a like-indexed objects where the groups that do not pass the filter are filled with NaNs.

In [173]: dff.groupby("B").filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2, dropna=False)
Out[173]: 
     A    B
0  NaN  NaN
1  NaN  NaN
2  2.0    b
3  3.0    b
4  4.0    b
5  5.0    b
6  NaN  NaN
7  NaN  NaN

For DataFrames with multiple columns, filters should explicitly specify a column as the filter criterion.

In [174]: dff["C"] = np.arange(8)

In [175]: dff.groupby("B").filter(lambda x: len(x["C"]) > 2)
Out[175]: 
   A  B  C
2  2  b  2
3  3  b  3
4  4  b  4
5  5  b  5

Flexible apply#

Some operations on the grouped data might not fit into the aggregation, transformation, or filtration categories. For these, you can use the apply function.

Warning

apply has to try to infer from the result whether it should act as a reducer, transformer, or filter, depending on exactly what is passed to it. Thus the grouped column(s) may be included in the output or not. While it tries to intelligently guess how to behave, it can sometimes guess wrong.

Note

All of the examples in this section can be more reliably, and more efficiently, computed using other pandas functionality.

In [176]: df
Out[176]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

In [177]: grouped = df.groupby("A")

# could also just call .describe()
In [178]: grouped["C"].apply(lambda x: x.describe())
Out[178]: 
A         
bar  count    3.000000
     mean     0.130980
     std      0.181231
     min     -0.077118
     25%      0.069390
                ...   
foo  min     -1.143704
     25%     -0.862495
     50%     -0.575247
     75%     -0.408530
     max      1.193555
Name: C, Length: 16, dtype: float64

The dimension of the returned result can also change:

In [179]: grouped = df.groupby('A')['C']

In [180]: def f(group):
   .....:     return pd.DataFrame({'original': group,
   .....:                          'demeaned': group - group.mean()})
   .....: 

In [181]: grouped.apply(f)
Out[181]: 
       original  demeaned
A                        
bar 1  0.254161  0.123181
    3  0.215897  0.084917
    5 -0.077118 -0.208098
foo 0 -0.575247 -0.215962
    2 -1.143704 -0.784420
    4  1.193555  1.552839
    6 -0.408530 -0.049245
    7 -0.862495 -0.503211

apply on a Series can operate on a returned value from the applied function, that is itself a series, and possibly upcast the result to a DataFrame:

In [182]: def f(x):
   .....:     return pd.Series([x, x ** 2], index=["x", "x^2"])
   .....: 

In [183]: s = pd.Series(np.random.rand(5))

In [184]: s
Out[184]: 
0    0.582898
1    0.098352
2    0.001438
3    0.009420
4    0.815826
dtype: float64

In [185]: s.apply(f)
Out[185]: 
          x       x^2
0  0.582898  0.339770
1  0.098352  0.009673
2  0.001438  0.000002
3  0.009420  0.000089
4  0.815826  0.665572

Similar to The aggregate() method, the resulting dtype will reflect that of the apply function. If the results from different groups have different dtypes, then a common dtype will be determined in the same way as DataFrame construction.

Control grouped column(s) placement with group_keys#

To control whether the grouped column(s) are included in the indices, you can use the argument group_keys which defaults to True. Compare

In [186]: df.groupby("A", group_keys=True).apply(lambda x: x)
Out[186]: 
         A      B         C         D
A                                    
bar 1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
    3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
    5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
foo 0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
    2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
    4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
    6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
    7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

with

In [187]: df.groupby("A", group_keys=False).apply(lambda x: x)
Out[187]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

Numba Accelerated Routines#

New in version 1.1.

If Numba is installed as an optional dependency, the transform and aggregate methods support engine='numba' and engine_kwargs arguments. See enhancing performance with Numba for general usage of the arguments and performance considerations.

The function signature must start with values, index exactly as the data belonging to each group will be passed into values, and the group index will be passed into index.

Warning

When using engine='numba', there will be no “fall back” behavior internally. The group data and group index will be passed as NumPy arrays to the JITed user defined function, and no alternative execution attempts will be tried.

Other useful features#

Exclusion of “nuisance” columns#

Again consider the example DataFrame we’ve been looking at:

In [188]: df
Out[188]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -0.575247  1.346061
1  bar    one  0.254161  1.511763
2  foo    two -1.143704  1.627081
3  bar  three  0.215897 -0.990582
4  foo    two  1.193555 -0.441652
5  bar    two -0.077118  1.211526
6  foo    one -0.408530  0.268520
7  foo  three -0.862495  0.024580

Suppose we wish to compute the standard deviation grouped by the A column. There is a slight problem, namely that we don’t care about the data in column B because it is not numeric. We refer to these non-numeric columns as “nuisance” columns. You can avoid nuisance columns by specifying numeric_only=True:

In [189]: df.groupby("A").std(numeric_only=True)
Out[189]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  0.181231  1.366330
foo  0.912265  0.884785

Note that df.groupby('A').colname.std(). is more efficient than df.groupby('A').std().colname, so if the result of an aggregation function is only interesting over one column (here colname), it may be filtered before applying the aggregation function.

Note

Any object column, also if it contains numerical values such as Decimal objects, is considered as a “nuisance” column. They are excluded from aggregate functions automatically in groupby.

If you do wish to include decimal or object columns in an aggregation with other non-nuisance data types, you must do so explicitly.

In [190]: from decimal import Decimal

In [191]: df_dec = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "id": [1, 2, 1, 2],
   .....:         "int_column": [1, 2, 3, 4],
   .....:         "dec_column": [
   .....:             Decimal("0.50"),
   .....:             Decimal("0.15"),
   .....:             Decimal("0.25"),
   .....:             Decimal("0.40"),
   .....:         ],
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 

# Decimal columns can be sum'd explicitly by themselves...
In [192]: df_dec.groupby(["id"])[["dec_column"]].sum()
Out[192]: 
   dec_column
id           
1        0.75
2        0.55

# ...but cannot be combined with standard data types or they will be excluded
In [193]: df_dec.groupby(["id"])[["int_column", "dec_column"]].sum()
Out[193]: 
    int_column dec_column
id                       
1            4       0.75
2            6       0.55

# Use .agg function to aggregate over standard and "nuisance" data types
# at the same time
In [194]: df_dec.groupby(["id"]).agg({"int_column": "sum", "dec_column": "sum"})
Out[194]: 
    int_column dec_column
id                       
1            4       0.75
2            6       0.55

Handling of (un)observed Categorical values#

When using a Categorical grouper (as a single grouper, or as part of multiple groupers), the observed keyword controls whether to return a cartesian product of all possible groupers values (observed=False) or only those that are observed groupers (observed=True).

Show all values:

In [195]: pd.Series([1, 1, 1]).groupby(
   .....:     pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "a"], categories=["a", "b"]), observed=False
   .....: ).count()
   .....: 
Out[195]: 
a    3
b    0
dtype: int64

Show only the observed values:

In [196]: pd.Series([1, 1, 1]).groupby(
   .....:     pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "a"], categories=["a", "b"]), observed=True
   .....: ).count()
   .....: 
Out[196]: 
a    3
dtype: int64

The returned dtype of the grouped will always include all of the categories that were grouped.

In [197]: s = (
   .....:     pd.Series([1, 1, 1])
   .....:     .groupby(pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "a"], categories=["a", "b"]), observed=False)
   .....:     .count()
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [198]: s.index.dtype
Out[198]: CategoricalDtype(categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=False)

NA and NaT group handling#

If there are any NaN or NaT values in the grouping key, these will be automatically excluded. In other words, there will never be an “NA group” or “NaT group”. This was not the case in older versions of pandas, but users were generally discarding the NA group anyway (and supporting it was an implementation headache).

Grouping with ordered factors#

Categorical variables represented as instance of pandas’s Categorical class can be used as group keys. If so, the order of the levels will be preserved:

In [199]: data = pd.Series(np.random.randn(100))

In [200]: factor = pd.qcut(data, [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0])

In [201]: data.groupby(factor).mean()
Out[201]: 
(-2.784, -0.41]   -1.196181
(-0.41, 0.0754]   -0.127244
(0.0754, 0.795]    0.408266
(0.795, 2.821]     1.357293
dtype: float64

Grouping with a grouper specification#

You may need to specify a bit more data to properly group. You can use the pd.Grouper to provide this local control.

In [202]: import datetime

In [203]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "Branch": "A A A A A A A B".split(),
   .....:         "Buyer": "Carl Mark Carl Carl Joe Joe Joe Carl".split(),
   .....:         "Quantity": [1, 3, 5, 1, 8, 1, 9, 3],
   .....:         "Date": [
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 1, 13, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 1, 13, 5),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 10, 1, 20, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 10, 2, 10, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 10, 1, 20, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 10, 2, 10, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 2, 12, 0),
   .....:             datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 2, 14, 0),
   .....:         ],
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [204]: df
Out[204]: 
  Branch Buyer  Quantity                Date
0      A  Carl         1 2013-01-01 13:00:00
1      A  Mark         3 2013-01-01 13:05:00
2      A  Carl         5 2013-10-01 20:00:00
3      A  Carl         1 2013-10-02 10:00:00
4      A   Joe         8 2013-10-01 20:00:00
5      A   Joe         1 2013-10-02 10:00:00
6      A   Joe         9 2013-12-02 12:00:00
7      B  Carl         3 2013-12-02 14:00:00

Groupby a specific column with the desired frequency. This is like resampling.

In [205]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq="1M", key="Date"), "Buyer"])[["Quantity"]].sum()
Out[205]: 
                  Quantity
Date       Buyer          
2013-01-31 Carl          1
           Mark          3
2013-10-31 Carl          6
           Joe           9
2013-12-31 Carl          3
           Joe           9

You have an ambiguous specification in that you have a named index and a column that could be potential groupers.

In [206]: df = df.set_index("Date")

In [207]: df["Date"] = df.index + pd.offsets.MonthEnd(2)

In [208]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq="6M", key="Date"), "Buyer"])[["Quantity"]].sum()
Out[208]: 
                  Quantity
Date       Buyer          
2013-02-28 Carl          1
           Mark          3
2014-02-28 Carl          9
           Joe          18

In [209]: df.groupby([pd.Grouper(freq="6M", level="Date"), "Buyer"])[["Quantity"]].sum()
Out[209]: 
                  Quantity
Date       Buyer          
2013-01-31 Carl          1
           Mark          3
2014-01-31 Carl          9
           Joe          18

Taking the first rows of each group#

Just like for a DataFrame or Series you can call head and tail on a groupby:

In [210]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=["A", "B"])

In [211]: df
Out[211]: 
   A  B
0  1  2
1  1  4
2  5  6

In [212]: g = df.groupby("A")

In [213]: g.head(1)
Out[213]: 
   A  B
0  1  2
2  5  6

In [214]: g.tail(1)
Out[214]: 
   A  B
1  1  4
2  5  6

This shows the first or last n rows from each group.

Taking the nth row of each group#

To select the nth item from each group, use DataFrameGroupBy.nth() or SeriesGroupBy.nth(). Arguments supplied can be any integer, lists of integers, slices, or lists of slices; see below for examples. When the nth element of a group does not exist an error is not raised; instead no corresponding rows are returned.

In general this operation acts as a filtration. In certain cases it will also return one row per group, making it also a reduction. However because in general it can return zero or multiple rows per group, pandas treats it as a filtration in all cases.

In [215]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, np.nan], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=["A", "B"])

In [216]: g = df.groupby("A")

In [217]: g.nth(0)
Out[217]: 
   A    B
0  1  NaN
2  5  6.0

In [218]: g.nth(-1)
Out[218]: 
   A    B
1  1  4.0
2  5  6.0

In [219]: g.nth(1)
Out[219]: 
   A    B
1  1  4.0

If the nth element of a group does not exist, then no corresponding row is included in the result. In particular, if the specified n is larger than any group, the result will be an empty DataFrame.

In [220]: g.nth(5)
Out[220]: 
Empty DataFrame
Columns: [A, B]
Index: []

If you want to select the nth not-null item, use the dropna kwarg. For a DataFrame this should be either 'any' or 'all' just like you would pass to dropna:

# nth(0) is the same as g.first()
In [221]: g.nth(0, dropna="any")
Out[221]: 
   A    B
1  1  4.0
2  5  6.0

In [222]: g.first()
Out[222]: 
     B
A     
1  4.0
5  6.0

# nth(-1) is the same as g.last()
In [223]: g.nth(-1, dropna="any")
Out[223]: 
   A    B
1  1  4.0
2  5  6.0

In [224]: g.last()
Out[224]: 
     B
A     
1  4.0
5  6.0

In [225]: g.B.nth(0, dropna="all")
Out[225]: 
1    4.0
2    6.0
Name: B, dtype: float64

You can also select multiple rows from each group by specifying multiple nth values as a list of ints.

In [226]: business_dates = pd.date_range(start="4/1/2014", end="6/30/2014", freq="B")

In [227]: df = pd.DataFrame(1, index=business_dates, columns=["a", "b"])

# get the first, 4th, and last date index for each month
In [228]: df.groupby([df.index.year, df.index.month]).nth([0, 3, -1])
Out[228]: 
            a  b
2014-04-01  1  1
2014-04-04  1  1
2014-04-30  1  1
2014-05-01  1  1
2014-05-06  1  1
2014-05-30  1  1
2014-06-02  1  1
2014-06-05  1  1
2014-06-30  1  1

You may also use a slices or lists of slices.

In [229]: df.groupby([df.index.year, df.index.month]).nth[1:]
Out[229]: 
            a  b
2014-04-02  1  1
2014-04-03  1  1
2014-04-04  1  1
2014-04-07  1  1
2014-04-08  1  1
...        .. ..
2014-06-24  1  1
2014-06-25  1  1
2014-06-26  1  1
2014-06-27  1  1
2014-06-30  1  1

[62 rows x 2 columns]

In [230]: df.groupby([df.index.year, df.index.month]).nth[1:, :-1]
Out[230]: 
            a  b
2014-04-01  1  1
2014-04-02  1  1
2014-04-03  1  1
2014-04-04  1  1
2014-04-07  1  1
...        .. ..
2014-06-24  1  1
2014-06-25  1  1
2014-06-26  1  1
2014-06-27  1  1
2014-06-30  1  1

[65 rows x 2 columns]

Enumerate group items#

To see the order in which each row appears within its group, use the cumcount method:

In [231]: dfg = pd.DataFrame(list("aaabba"), columns=["A"])

In [232]: dfg
Out[232]: 
   A
0  a
1  a
2  a
3  b
4  b
5  a

In [233]: dfg.groupby("A").cumcount()
Out[233]: 
0    0
1    1
2    2
3    0
4    1
5    3
dtype: int64

In [234]: dfg.groupby("A").cumcount(ascending=False)
Out[234]: 
0    3
1    2
2    1
3    1
4    0
5    0
dtype: int64

Enumerate groups#

To see the ordering of the groups (as opposed to the order of rows within a group given by cumcount) you can use ngroup().

Note that the numbers given to the groups match the order in which the groups would be seen when iterating over the groupby object, not the order they are first observed.

In [235]: dfg = pd.DataFrame(list("aaabba"), columns=["A"])

In [236]: dfg
Out[236]: 
   A
0  a
1  a
2  a
3  b
4  b
5  a

In [237]: dfg.groupby("A").ngroup()
Out[237]: 
0    0
1    0
2    0
3    1
4    1
5    0
dtype: int64

In [238]: dfg.groupby("A").ngroup(ascending=False)
Out[238]: 
0    1
1    1
2    1
3    0
4    0
5    1
dtype: int64

Plotting#

Groupby also works with some plotting methods. For example, suppose we suspect that some features in a DataFrame may differ by group, in this case, the values in column 1 where the group is “B” are 3 higher on average.

In [239]: np.random.seed(1234)

In [240]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(50, 2))

In [241]: df["g"] = np.random.choice(["A", "B"], size=50)

In [242]: df.loc[df["g"] == "B", 1] += 3

We can easily visualize this with a boxplot:

In [243]: df.groupby("g").boxplot()
Out[243]: 
A         AxesSubplot(0.1,0.15;0.363636x0.75)
B    AxesSubplot(0.536364,0.15;0.363636x0.75)
dtype: object
../_images/groupby_boxplot.png

The result of calling boxplot is a dictionary whose keys are the values of our grouping column g (“A” and “B”). The values of the resulting dictionary can be controlled by the return_type keyword of boxplot. See the visualization documentation for more.

Warning

For historical reasons, df.groupby("g").boxplot() is not equivalent to df.boxplot(by="g"). See here for an explanation.

Piping function calls#

Similar to the functionality provided by DataFrame and Series, functions that take GroupBy objects can be chained together using a pipe method to allow for a cleaner, more readable syntax. To read about .pipe in general terms, see here.

Combining .groupby and .pipe is often useful when you need to reuse GroupBy objects.

As an example, imagine having a DataFrame with columns for stores, products, revenue and quantity sold. We’d like to do a groupwise calculation of prices (i.e. revenue/quantity) per store and per product. We could do this in a multi-step operation, but expressing it in terms of piping can make the code more readable. First we set the data:

In [244]: n = 1000

In [245]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "Store": np.random.choice(["Store_1", "Store_2"], n),
   .....:         "Product": np.random.choice(["Product_1", "Product_2"], n),
   .....:         "Revenue": (np.random.random(n) * 50 + 10).round(2),
   .....:         "Quantity": np.random.randint(1, 10, size=n),
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [246]: df.head(2)
Out[246]: 
     Store    Product  Revenue  Quantity
0  Store_2  Product_1    26.12         1
1  Store_2  Product_1    28.86         1

Now, to find prices per store/product, we can simply do:

In [247]: (
   .....:     df.groupby(["Store", "Product"])
   .....:     .pipe(lambda grp: grp.Revenue.sum() / grp.Quantity.sum())
   .....:     .unstack()
   .....:     .round(2)
   .....: )
   .....: 
Out[247]: 
Product  Product_1  Product_2
Store                        
Store_1       6.82       7.05
Store_2       6.30       6.64

Piping can also be expressive when you want to deliver a grouped object to some arbitrary function, for example:

In [248]: def mean(groupby):
   .....:     return groupby.mean()
   .....: 

In [249]: df.groupby(["Store", "Product"]).pipe(mean)
Out[249]: 
                     Revenue  Quantity
Store   Product                       
Store_1 Product_1  34.622727  5.075758
        Product_2  35.482815  5.029630
Store_2 Product_1  32.972837  5.237589
        Product_2  34.684360  5.224000

where mean takes a GroupBy object and finds the mean of the Revenue and Quantity columns respectively for each Store-Product combination. The mean function can be any function that takes in a GroupBy object; the .pipe will pass the GroupBy object as a parameter into the function you specify.

Examples#

Regrouping by factor#

Regroup columns of a DataFrame according to their sum, and sum the aggregated ones.

In [250]: df = pd.DataFrame({"a": [1, 0, 0], "b": [0, 1, 0], "c": [1, 0, 0], "d": [2, 3, 4]})

In [251]: df
Out[251]: 
   a  b  c  d
0  1  0  1  2
1  0  1  0  3
2  0  0  0  4

In [252]: df.groupby(df.sum(), axis=1).sum()
Out[252]: 
   1  9
0  2  2
1  1  3
2  0  4

Multi-column factorization#

By using ngroup(), we can extract information about the groups in a way similar to factorize() (as described further in the reshaping API) but which applies naturally to multiple columns of mixed type and different sources. This can be useful as an intermediate categorical-like step in processing, when the relationships between the group rows are more important than their content, or as input to an algorithm which only accepts the integer encoding. (For more information about support in pandas for full categorical data, see the Categorical introduction and the API documentation.)

In [253]: dfg = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 1, 2, 3, 2], "B": list("aaaba")})

In [254]: dfg
Out[254]: 
   A  B
0  1  a
1  1  a
2  2  a
3  3  b
4  2  a

In [255]: dfg.groupby(["A", "B"]).ngroup()
Out[255]: 
0    0
1    0
2    1
3    2
4    1
dtype: int64

In [256]: dfg.groupby(["A", [0, 0, 0, 1, 1]]).ngroup()
Out[256]: 
0    0
1    0
2    1
3    3
4    2
dtype: int64

Groupby by indexer to ‘resample’ data#

Resampling produces new hypothetical samples (resamples) from already existing observed data or from a model that generates data. These new samples are similar to the pre-existing samples.

In order to resample to work on indices that are non-datetimelike, the following procedure can be utilized.

In the following examples, df.index // 5 returns a binary array which is used to determine what gets selected for the groupby operation.

Note

The below example shows how we can downsample by consolidation of samples into fewer samples. Here by using df.index // 5, we are aggregating the samples in bins. By applying std() function, we aggregate the information contained in many samples into a small subset of values which is their standard deviation thereby reducing the number of samples.

In [257]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 2))

In [258]: df
Out[258]: 
          0         1
0 -0.793893  0.321153
1  0.342250  1.618906
2 -0.975807  1.918201
3 -0.810847 -1.405919
4 -1.977759  0.461659
5  0.730057 -1.316938
6 -0.751328  0.528290
7 -0.257759 -1.081009
8  0.505895 -1.701948
9 -1.006349  0.020208

In [259]: df.index // 5
Out[259]: Index([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], dtype='int64')

In [260]: df.groupby(df.index // 5).std()
Out[260]: 
          0         1
0  0.823647  1.312912
1  0.760109  0.942941

Returning a Series to propagate names#

Group DataFrame columns, compute a set of metrics and return a named Series. The Series name is used as the name for the column index. This is especially useful in conjunction with reshaping operations such as stacking in which the column index name will be used as the name of the inserted column:

In [261]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {
   .....:         "a": [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2],
   .....:         "b": [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1],
   .....:         "c": [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
   .....:         "d": [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
   .....:     }
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [262]: def compute_metrics(x):
   .....:     result = {"b_sum": x["b"].sum(), "c_mean": x["c"].mean()}
   .....:     return pd.Series(result, name="metrics")
   .....: 

In [263]: result = df.groupby("a").apply(compute_metrics)

In [264]: result
Out[264]: 
metrics  b_sum  c_mean
a                     
0          2.0     0.5
1          2.0     0.5
2          2.0     0.5

In [265]: result.stack()
Out[265]: 
a  metrics
0  b_sum      2.0
   c_mean     0.5
1  b_sum      2.0
   c_mean     0.5
2  b_sum      2.0
   c_mean     0.5
dtype: float64